Dr. J. BERLIN P.

JUANZON CE, MBA, MSCM

CE 152
Geotechnical Engineering 2
JB JUANZON
JB JUANZON
CONTENT
SETTLEMENT
CONSOLIDATION
TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION


Leaning tower of Pisa is one of the most famous buildings in the world. It
has been built before hundreds years ago.
Even today the great mass
continues to sink very slowly. It is a
question of about 1 mm. every year.
Since nobody can state with
mathematical security that this
sinking will continue in the future at
the present yearly rate, without its
ceasing, remedies by means of
adequate measures, based on
scientific studies and projects, are
under consideration. In the
meantime supervision with
instruments of very high precision is
continuously being carried out.
JB JUANZON
SETTLEMENT
Definition
The total vertical deformation at the surface
resulting from :
External Load
Dewatering
Settlement Components
Immediate Settlement ; S
e

Primary Consolidation Settlement ; S
c

Secondary Settlement (Creep) ; S
s

s c e
S S S S + + =
JB JUANZON
SETTLEMENT
Purpose
Study the settlement behavior
Determine the settlement value and time
Study the settlement influence to the
structure stability
JB JUANZON
SETTLEMENT INFLUENCE
JB JUANZON
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
Defined as settlement which occurred directly
after the application of a load, without a change in
the moisture content.
Caused by soil elasticity behavior
The magnitude of the contact settlement will
depend on the flexibility of the foundation and the
type of material on which it is resting.
For clay, the immediate settlement generally very
small comparing to the consolidation settlement,
therefore this immediate settlement mostly
ignored.
Usually considered at sand or sandy soil.
JB JUANZON
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
JB JUANZON
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
General Equation
S
e
= Elastic Settlement
C
s
= shape and foundation rigidity factor
q = P/B
2
(net vertical pressure applied)
E
s
= Elasticity modulus of soil
B = Foundation width
I
p
= Influence factor
= Poissons ratio of soil
( )
Es
qB C S s
e
2
1
=
Eqn 1.0
Eqn 2.0
( )
p
e
I
Es
qB S
2
1
=
Problem 1.0
Estimate the immediate settlement of a column footing 1.5
m in diameter that is constructed in an saturated clay
layer, given that the total load carried by the column
footing is 150kn, Es = 7,000kn/m
2
and = 0.25. Assume the
footing to be rigid.
JB JUANZON
JB JUANZON
CONSOLIDATION
When the stress on a saturated clay layer in the field is
increased, the pore water pressure in the clay will
increase.
Because the coefficients of permeability of clays are very
low, it will take some time for the excess pore water
pressure to dissipate and the stress increase to be
transferred to the soil skeleton gradually.
Consolidation is the process of dissipation of excess pore
water pressure in a row of time.

Note:
Dissipation of pore water pressure occurs simultaneously with the squeezing out of
the pore water. Therefore the consolidation time depend on:
The distance of pore water to be squeezed out
The coefficient of permeability of soft soil

JB JUANZON
CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Type
Normal consolidation
Pre-consolidation pressure (Pc) just equals the
existing effective vertical overburden pressure (Po)
Over consolidation
If the soil whose pre-consolidation pressure (Pc) is
greater than the existing overburden pressure
JB JUANZON
CONSOLIDATION
Normal Consolidation




o c
p p ~
OR
1
p
p
o
c
~
o
o
c
o
c
p
p p
H
e
Cc
S
A +
+
= log . .
1
Where:
Sc = primary consolidation settlement
Cc = Compression Index
H = thickness of clay layer
e
o
= in situ void ratio
Po = average effective stress at mid-height of clay layer or
geostatic pressure
P = average increase of effective stress on clay layer
JB JUANZON
CONSOLIDATION
o c
p p >
OR
1 >
o
c
p
p
p
o
+ Ap < p
c

o
o
c
o
c
p
p p
H
e
Cs
S
A +
+
= log . .
1
p
o
< p
c
< p
o
+Ap
c
o
c
o
o
c
c
o
c
p
p p
H
e
Cc
p
p
H
e
Cs
S
A +
+
+
+
= log . .
1
log . .
1
Over Consolidation



Cs = swell index (ranges from 1/5 to 1/10 of Cc



JB JUANZON
DETERMINATION OF CONSOLIDATION
PROPERTIES
JB JUANZON
DETERMINATION OF CONSOLIDATION
PROPERTIES
Procedures :
1. Determine the point O on the
e-lop p curve that has the
sharpest curvature (that is,
the smallest radius of
curvature)
2. Draw a horizontal line OA
3. Draw a line OB that is tangent
to the e-log p curve at O
4. Draw a line OC that bisects
the angle AOB
5. Produce the straight line
portion of the e-log p curve
backward to intersect OC. This
is point D. The pressure that
corresponds to the point p is
the preconsolidation pressure,
p
c
.
JB JUANZON
DETERMINATION OF CONSOLIDATION
PROPERTIES
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
2 1
p
p
log
e e
Cc
JB JUANZON
DETERMINATION OF CONSOLIDATION
PROPERTIES
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
3
4
4 3
p
p
log
e e
Cs
JB JUANZON
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
Other equation




p . H . m S
c v c
A =
Where :
m
v
= Compression Index
H
c
= Thickness of soft soil layer
Ap = The stress increment due to the
external
load
o
v
v
'
1
'
2
2 1
v
e 1
a
m
p p
e e
a
+
=

=
JB JUANZON
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION (CREEP)
p
p
c
p
s
t
t t
log . H .
e 1
C
S
A +
+
o
=
Where :
e
p
= void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
t
p
= time at the end of primary consolidation
At = time increment
t
2
= t
p
+At
p
2
t
t
log
e
C
A
= o
Is the additional settlement that occurs at a constant value of effetive
stress after excess pore water pressure has been dissipated. The process
typically continues slowly for a long period of time. Secondary settlement is
usually small compared to primary consolidation settlement.
JB JUANZON
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION (CREEP)
PROBLEM 2.0
A 2.1m layer of clay is buried beneath a 3.0m stratum of very
compact granular soil. Compact sand underlies the clay. The layer
of granular soil is composed of material having a unit weight
of20.46kN/m3. The clay unit weight is 16.52 kN/m3. A laboratory
compression test indicates a compression index of 0.40 and a
natural void ratio of 1.3. A planned building loading will cause a
26.38kPa stress increase at the middle of the clay layer.
1. what amount of primary compression occurs in the clay for
the indicated conditions?
2. How much primary compression of the clay layer would
result if the groundwater table was the ground surface.
3. How much clay layer compression would occur if the clay
was an over consolicated material, the past maximum pressure
was 95.94kPa and th Cs value was 0.10? Assume a deep water
table