GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Prof. Anjana Vyas

School of Planning, CEPT University
Ahmedabad
9825522844
 What is Surveying
Surveying has traditionally been
defined as the science, art, and
technology of determining the relative
positions of points above, on, or
beneath the earth’s surface.
Surveying can be regarded as that discipline
which encompasses all methods for

•measuring and collecting information about

the physical earth and environment,

•processing that information, and

• disseminating a variety of result.

Surveying activities involve
on,
above, or
below

the surface of
the land or
the sea
History of Surveying
1. Germination
About 1400 B.C.
1. The Earth’s Size and Shape
200 B.C.
1. Development of Science of Geometry
120 B.C.
1. Roman Engineer and Surveyor
The first century
1. New technologies
18th and 19th century
 Importance of Surveying
• Map the earth above and below sea level
• Prepare navigation charts
• Establish property boundaries
• Develop data banks of land-use and
natural resource information
• Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity,
and magnetic fields
• Prepare charts of our moon and planets
 Classification of Surveying
Plane Surveys
•Plane Survey instruments are very
simple:
•Consisting of a plane table,
•A small drawing table mounted on a
tripod
•A table can be leveled and rotated.
.
Plane Surveys

•The locations of lines and points are plotted

directly on the drawing paper.

•Setting up the table must be leveled

•it is oriented correctly with a reference meridian

(e.g. north line).

•The table is moved and re-oriented at each

station along the survey route.
Uses for plane surveys
 Land survey

 Engineering or
Construction Surveys

 Field Mapping
 Geodetic Surveys

- Covers distances large enough that

curvature of Earth is significant

- Establishes network of precisely

located control points
 National Geodetic Survey
Functions:
 Defines & manages the
National Spatial
Reference System

 Sets standards for

geodetic surveys

 Maintains a database of
U.S. geodetic markers
Specialized Types of Surveys
Control surveys
Topographic surveys
Land, Boundary, and Cadastral surveys
Hydrographics surveys
Route surveys
built surveys
Mine surveys
Solar surveys
Optical tooling
Ground, Aerial, and Satellite surveys
New Technologies for Surveying and
Mapping

Electronic Total Station Instruments

Global Positioning System (GPS)
Digital Photogrammetric Systems
Land and Geographic Information
system (LIS/GIS)
 Theodolites

•Measures horizontal angles like the plane

table,
•calculate vertical angles,
from which elevations could be derived.
Theodolites are lighter
They do not require the construction of the
hardcopy map in the field.
 What is Total Station

Integrates the functions of a

theodolite for measuring angles,
and Electronic Distance Meter
for measuring
distances,
digital data and
information recording.
 USES

Monitoring
Topography &
Control

Construction Layout
Functions of Total Station
Measure angle and distance
accurately and quickly
Make computation with

angle and distance

Display the results in real time
Widely used for topographic,
hydrographic, cadastral, and
construction surveying
Characteristics of Total Station
Instruments

1. Three basic components

 Electronic distance measuring
 Electronic angle measuring
 Microprocessor
Characteristics of Total Station
Instruments
2. Functions
Angle: Horizontal, Vertical, Slope distance
Distance: Horizontal, vertical, elevation,
and coordinates of point
Display the results on a LCD
Functions Performed by TSI

 Human-Computer Interactive Design

• Assisting an operator to operate the

instrument

• Prompting by display on LCD

 Parts of A TSI
1.Telescopes:
2.Angle measurement system
3.Vertical circle
4.Rotation of the telescope
5.Tri-branch
6.Bases of total stations
7.Optical plummet
8.Tripods
9.Microprocessor
10.Keyboard and display
11.Communication port
GPS Receivers
 Sources of Error in
Total Station Work
Instrument Errors

Human Errors

Natural Errors
Instrument Errors
Instrumental errors are caused by imperfections in
the design, construction, and adjustment of
instruments and other equipment

Imperfect linear or angular scales.

Instrument axes are not perfectly parallel or
perpendicular to each other.
Misalignment of various part of the instrument.
Optical distortions causing “what you see is not
exactly what you are supposed to see”.
Instrumental errors are eliminated by

• Using proper procedures, such as observing

angles in direct and reverse modes

• Balancing foresights and back sights and

repeating measurements

• Periodically checked, tested and adjusted (or

calibration)
Human Errors
Human errors are caused by the physical
limitations of the human senses of sight and
touch, e.g. error in the measured value of a
horizontal angle, caused by the inability to hold a
range pole perfectly in the direction of the plumb
line.
Error can be minimized by
Common sense
Self-calibration (estimating personal errors by
experiments and experience)
Attention to proper procedures
Natural Errors

Natural errors result from natural physical

conditions such as atmospheric pressure,
temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, and
atmospheric refraction
Natural errors are mostly systematic and should
be corrected or modeled in the adjustment.

Some natural errors such as the effect of

curvature can be eliminated by a procedure.

The leveling procedure to eliminate curvature

corrections is to average foresights and
backsights
Applications of
GPS
Global Positioning System
•24 satellites orbiting earth in
12 hours
•Constellation provides 5 to 8
visible satellites from any
point on the earth
•4 satellites are required to
compute the 3 dimensions of
position
•Precision ranges from 10 m
to 100 m
 GPS
Global Positioning System
(NAVSTAR - DOD)

A network of satellites that continuously transmits

coded information, helps to identify
precise locations on earth by measuring
distance from the satellites
 Used for
military initially

now heavily
used in civilian world
 (satellites)
Space

User Control
(receivers) (tracking stations)
 The first GPS satellite
was launched in 1978

constellation of 24 satellites
since 1994
each satellite is built
to last about 10 years

2,000 pounds weight,

17 feet long solar panels

powered by solar energy

continuously broadcast
coded radio signal
 High orbit satellites
(about 12,000 miles
above earth surface)

Speed 7,000 miles per hr.

allows them to circle earth
once every 12 hours

Arranged in orbit
so as to provide
coverage by
4 satellites at once
 Each satellite transmits
low power radio signals
on several frequencies (L1, L2)

Civilian GPS receivers

listen on L1 frequency

Signal will pass through clouds or glass,

but not solid objects (line of sight)

no signals in buildings, underwater, caves

 Each satellite transmits a unique code

Use these coded signals to calculate

travel time from the satellite to the GPS receiver
Time of Arrival
Ground based Control Stations track the GPS
satellites and provide them with corrected
orbital and clock (time) information
Four unmanned and
one master control station
 Space Segment

Ground stations
monitor and update Updated data
satellite locations is transmitted to users

Unmanned stations receive info and send to master

Master corrects satellite data and
sends uplinks to GPS satellites
 How GPS Works…
Need to know
3 Correct for atmospheric
Satellite position 4 and ionosphere errors

Accurate
2 (Atomic) 5 Selective Availability
Clocks are
required

Distance from
1 satellites needs
to be known
 Ground stations send
orbital info to master station

Master sends corrected info to satellites

GPS receiver knows location of satellites at all times

 When satellite is generating code so is receiver

Receiver compares the two codes

to determine how much it needs to
shift (delay) its code to match the satellite code
Uses measurements from 4+ satellites
distance = travel time x speed of
light
 Sources of Error

1. Atmospheric Interference
signal slows as it passes through atmosphere
ionosphere

troposphere

Use model to correct

 2. Multipath Errors
Multipath means that the same radio signal is
received several times through different paths.
For instance, a radio wave could leave a satellite
and travel directly to the receiver, but it also
bounces off a building and arrives at the receiver
at a later time.
 3. Clock Limitations
The internal satellite and receiver clocks have
limited accuracy, and they are not precisely
synchronized. Since position computations are
highly dependent on accurate timing information,
small clock errors can cause significant errors in
position computations.
 4. Ephemeris Error (Orbital errors)
Inaccuracies in reported position of satellite
 5. Satellite Configuration
if all of the visible satellites happen to be
bunched close together, the triangulated position
will be less accurate than if those same satellites
were evenly distributed around the visible sky.
 6. Selected Availability
Scrambling of signal by military
 Differential GPS
Place a GPS receiver (reference or base station) at a known
location. This base station receiver will calculate receiver
errors by comparing its actual location to the location
computed from the signals. This error information is sent to
the rover receiver, which uses it to correct the position
information it computes from the signals. Accuracies of
DGPS systems can range from 15 feet to 3 feet depending
on system configuration.
 Differential GPS in Action

1. Compares field data to data

collected at the same time at
a nearby base station

2. Error at base station known

and subtracted from field data
Known base station location Data corrected in office Unknown field locations
 GPS Error Budget
Typical Error in Meters (per satellite)

Standard GPS Differential GPS

Satellite clocks 1.5 0.0
Orbital errors 2.5 0.0
Ionosphere 5.0 0.4
Troposhpere 0.5 0.2
Receiver noise 0.3 0.3
Multipath 0.6 0.6
Selective availability* 30 0.0

Typical Position Accuracy

Horizontal 50 1.3
Vertical 78 2.0
3-D 93 2.8
* No longer used
 Defining a Location
Latitude and Longitude
Units of measurement are Degrees
Degree is divided into 60 Minutes
Minute is divided into 60 Seconds
Prime
Meridian

equator
 Latitude 42° 23’ 50.4” N
Longitude 71° 7’ 32.8” W
To convert coordinates from
degrees, minutes, seconds format
to decimal format, use this easy formula:

degrees + (minutes/60) + (seconds/3600)

Latitude 42.39733 N
Longitude 71.12578 W
 THE USE OF GPS
RECEIVER FOR THE
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
GATHERING
Global Positioning
System
Parts of GPS
 Garmin
GPS Unit –
as seen
Immediately After
Power is Turned On
 As Satellites
are linked,
their Positions in
the Sky, and the
Strength of their
Signals are Displayed.

Gray signal bars

Not to be
“locked in.”
When 4 Satellites have
been “locked in”,

GPS can determine

Coordinates.

Signal strength bars

turn black.
 If number of satellites
is not sufficient,
or if “geometry” is
poor,
“2D Navigation”
message appears.

This means that elevation

(height)
measurements are
not to be used.
“3D Navigation”
message means
that conditions
are acceptable for
determining
elevation
(height).
Important elements
of the “Position Page”
are:
• Elevation (Height)
• Lat/Lon
• Time (UT)
 The “Page” key is used to move from “Status” to
“Position” page.

The “Quit” key is used to move from “Position” page

to “Status” page.
CONNECTING GPS TO GIS
ENVIRONMENT
Department of Natural Resource (DNR) Garmin
Extension in ArcView: Set up

Collect
Data

DNR Garmin

ArcView
 Getting Connected - Check
•Turn on
Garmin GPS

• For best results, the Garmin GPS should

be connected to the computer via a serial
cable and turned on before loading the
DNR Garmin extension.
 Getting Connected - Check

• Simulator Mode to On

TIP Garmin GPS returns to Simulator Off during power up

 Getting Connected - Check
• Close VB Program if Open (DNRGarmin operating
outside of ArcView)
 Getting Connected - Step 1
• Start ArcView
– Start Button| Programs | ESRI | ArcView3 | ArcView

• Open an ArcView
– New View
Or...
– “with a new View”
when dialog box
inquires
 Getting Connected - Step 1
• Set View | Properties
– Map Units: meters
– Distance Units: feet
• Load DNR Garmin
Extension
– Select File | Extensions...
– Scroll to Select
“DNR Garmin - ArcView”
– Press OK
 Getting Connected - Step 2
• Set Projection
– Since some of you may already have loaded DNR
Garmin, we need to ensure the Projection is set
– Select DNR Garmin | Set Projection

– This may not be the correct projection and datum, Press NO

– Set parameters to the Class Instructions
 Projections - What’s the big deal anyway!
• To GIS personnel - this is a big deal
• Intimately linked to the data collection from the field
• Ask how the GIS personnel prefers the data
• All raw GPS data is expressed in Lat/Long Decimal Degrees - WGS84
Datum
– Setting Garmin to Garmin Protocol ensures data arriving in downloaded as DD
WGS84
Projections - What’s the big deal anyway!
• When GPS data is downloaded to ArcView the data is projected “on the
fly” using the projection you define using:
– DNRGarmin | Set Projection Dialog box
– Information is stored in a file and can be reset at any time
• This assumes the base data is projected and is being displayed
in an unprojected View.
 Getting Connected - Step 3
• Open DNR Garmin - Select DNR Garmin | Open
Garmin GPS

• If GPS is turned on you will see this

• Congratulations!
 Overview DNR Garmin Menu
• OPEN Garmin GPS: Starts the DNR Garmin Program
• Set Projection: Sets the Projection for Incoming Data
• Convert Points: Convert Point shapefile to line or polygon
• Calculate Shape Attributes: Calculates attributes of
shapefile (GIS units) and adds them to the attribute table.
• Add Documentation
• Calculate CEP: Calculates Circular Error Probability for
the Selected Point Theme
 DNR Garmin Help
• Open DNR Help
• Select Help | DNR Help File
Index
• Select “Downloading Data”
from the Contents Tab

• Close Help
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION
 INSAT MSS Reporting
Network & Features
Suitable where other means of
communication are not available easily. C-
Communication from remote field units Band
to pre-assigned destinations.
Reliable message transfer.
Terminals – portable, fixed, mobile

S-
Band
HUB STATION VMS
 Types of Messages
• Short message, thin traffic
– Position location via GPS
– Emergency, SOS type message
– Pre-formatted message
– Telemetry at large intervals

Message Delivery
•From field units to pre-assigned
destination
– One way messaging
– Closed user group service
– Meant for agencies, not individuals
Messaging Reliability
Reliable message transfer
Multiple transmission of same message on satellite link

Messages stored at hub

Delivery from hub to customer through internet

Message archival facility at hub

Message
Security End to end
encryption.

Terminal authentication checked by NMS

for authorisation.

Delivery over VPN.

NMS software is fully protected from

unauthorised access.

Messages cannot be tapped at the

NMS.
 ISD/SITAA/SAC

WEBSERVER
www.mss.sac.gov.in/mss.html
DATA DATA

INSAT - 3C

HUB STATION

A
DAT
FLEET MANAGEMENT PORTAL

TA
DA
CLIENT

MSS-TERMINAL
MOUNTED ON SHIP

MSS-TERMINAL
MOUNTED ON
TRUCK
 System - USP
• No other means of communications
exist:
– Deserts, seas, mountains, remote
areas

• Existing means unsatisfactory:

– Unreliable telecom links
– Unacceptable delays

• Existing means costly and difficult

– Mobile satellite phone, VSAT, etc
 INSAT MSS Reporting System
Features

Wide coverage:
Indian Exclusive Economic Zone and beyond

Message transmission from anywhere in

India EEZ and adjacent seas

Monitoring stations located anywhere in India

Vehicle Tracking
View exceptions based on speed, zone entry/exit,
idle time, excessive stop time, auxiliary activation,
etc.
 Disaster Management
Proven technology in many disaster situations such
as
Hurricane Andrew, USA
Kobe Earthquake, Japan
San Francisco Earthquake, USA
US Forest Service Wildland Fires
1994 Mississippi Floods, USA
 Government
•Local/Regional Governments
•Public Works/Utilities
•Planning/Development
•Public Safety
•Land Information Systems
•Environmental Quality
GPS Positioning Areas
Position of control points (corner of the unit)
Position of control points (centre of the unit)
Creating DEM using digital automatic photogrammetry
 City model without texture
based on RS, GPS height
readings and GIS

City modeling (texture)

Based on RS, GPS
height reading and GIS
IKNOS Image of Bhat Village
GPS Location of Prominent Places
Nal Sarovar Lake GPS Location Integrated in Arc GIS
Environment