Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Productivity growth is indispensable to growth in national income and wealth. Research carried out over the last 30 years demonstrates that technological change is an important contributor to productivity growth, and therefore to growth in the income and wealth of nations. The last decade of the twentieth century presents great challenges and opportunities to policy makers and managers concerned with improving technological and economic performance.
Technological change is an essential ingredient in the processes of growth. Investment in technological improvement and in the complementary assets and activities needed to support innovation is a positive sum strategy for improving living standards. Enhanced capital, labor and technical progress (or equivalently, total factor productivity) are the three principal sources of the economic growth of nations. The rate of growth of labor is generally constrained by the rate of growth of population. For industrialized countries, the rate of growth of the labor force is seldom higher than two percent per annum, even with international migration. Consequently, the rate of growth of capital (physical and human) and technical progress have been found to account for a significant proportion of economic growth by a long line of distinguished economists
Application of knowledge (Doing): Applying newly acquired capability or creative application of already available capability.
Includes product (design engineering), process (manufacturing engineering, quality control, fabrication, computer-integrated manufacturing), and market (application engineering, physical distribution, and product service).
Focus-Segment Cost Leadership Product devt to design in only enough performance for the segments needs. Process devt to tune production and delivery system to segment needs in order to lower cost.
Focus-Segment Differentiation Product design to exactly meet the needs of the particular business segment application. Process devt to tune the production and delivery system to segment need in order to improve performance.
Process devt to support high tolerances, greater quality control, more reliable scheduling, faster response time to orders, and other dimensions that improve performance.
(Porter, 1983)
4
Disaster Cost leadership
The Strategic Management Process (Source: Viljoen and Dann, 2000, p47)
LEADERSHIP VS FOLLOWERSHIP
LEADERSHIP EXTERNALITIES
Gaining regulatory approvals and code compliance Winning customers away from substitutes (marketing costs, penetration prices) Customer education on product usage Investments in infrastructure such as supply sources, machinery, training repair and service personnel Investments to improve the performance price or availability of complementary goods.
Technology leader
Operational
De-emphasise technology
Technology adopter
Leader
Laggard
Technology Leadership
Technology Followership
Following the technology leader can support both low-cost and differentiation strategies
The follower learns from the leaders experience The follower can avoid the costs and risks of technology leadership The follower can adapt the products or delivery systems to fit buyers needs more closely
(Porter, 1983)
Technological Leadership Technological Followership First mover on lowest cost product Lower cost of product or process Overall cost or process technology. through learning from leaders leadership experience. First mover on unique product or Adapt product or delivery system Overall more closely to market needs (or differentiation process that enhances product performance or creates switching raise switching costs) by learning costs. from leaders experience.
(Porter, 1983)