People and Kingship in Malaya (negeri-negeri Semenanjung Tanah Melayu)

Meaning of Melayu

In the different contexts the term "Malay" (Melayu) has many meanings. Taking a wide socio-cultural definition, the term refers not only to those who are settled in the Malay Peninsula, but also includes those in the larger area of the Malay Archipelago,embracing the Malay Peninsula and thousands of islands which today form the Republics of Indonesia and Philippines, Borneo, Cambodia and Vietnam.

Malay World

Although they are divided into many sub-groups and sub-cultures (as many dialects), linguistic and cultural scholars always consider them as belonging to the same stock, known as the Malays or Malayo-Indonesians. Indeed, the Malay World covers a wide cultural area, and it people constitute one of the major racial groups of the world or the global tribe.

Definition for Melayu in Peninsular Malaysia

(i) From the legal perspective- definition based on the

Malaysian Constitution. First used to explain The Land Ordinance/Malay Reserved Land- refering to special rights of the Malays: land gazetted for use and sale for Malays only. Dari sudut undang-undang pentakrifan Melayu berdasarkan perlembagaan Malaysia. Mula-mula digunakan dalam konteks menjelaskan Ordinan/Undang-Undang Tanah di Tanah Melayu merujuk kepada hak orang Melayu ke atas Tanah Rezab Melayu.

Also as a reaction to the arrival of migrant Chinese and Indians. Policy to ensure Malay(indigenous) rights are protected. Juga sebagai reaksi kepada kemasukan migran Cina dan Indiapolisi untuk memastikan kepentingan serta hak orang Melayu tempatan terjaga, maka pentakrifan kepada orang Melayu sebagai masyarakat tempatan (berbanding migran) wujud. From teh cultural perspective- one who speaks Malay language, Muslim and practices Malay ADAT (ii) Dari sudut budaya bertutur dalam bahasa Melayu, beragama Islam dan mengamalkan Adat Melayu.

MALAY WORLD? Alam Melayu:

Large area spanning: Merangkumi kawasan yang luas: dari bahagian timur Afrika sehingga ke bahagian timur Asia Tenggara; dari Kepulauan easter (Easter Island) ke Madagascar, Taiwan, sebahagian Hawaii, sebahagian Sri Lanka dan New Zealand. People of the Malayo-Polynesian (rumpun bangsa) ; also called Austronesian.

King n Kingship
Aspek Raja dan kerajaan di Tanah Melayu No Kingdom without KING. Tanpa Raja tidak wujud kerajaan: - maksud kerajaan bukanlah state tetapi lebih tepat merujuk kepada kingdom.

ADAT
Core aspect of Malay socio-culture. (merupakan salah satu aspek utama sosio-budaya masyarakat Melayu. Adat comprises/ merangkumi antaranya: 1. LAW: Ancestral and Inheritance- esp LAND (Undang-Undang; pemilikan dan warisan harta-pusaka seperti tanah) 2. Administration of State: Sistem kerajaan: Territoriality (wilayah); petempatan awal di tebing sungai Tributaries (Jajahan)- control over adjoining states (kawasan di bawah kuasa atau naungan kawasan berhampiran)

Socio-Cultural (Sistem Sosio-Budaya masyarakat): Eg: 1.Musyawarah (concensus) dan muafakat (solidarity/kekitaan, eg. gotong-royong) 2.Authority/power (kuasa) based on lineage/berdasarkan keturunan. 3.Lotalty/Allegiance (kesetiaan); daulat and derhaka

Javanese

This family includes the languages of Indonesia: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese (all from Java), Batak (Sumatra), Balinese (Bali), Tetun (Timor). The languages of the Philippines (Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan). The many non-Chinese languages of Taiwan (like Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Tsou). These languages are found in Indo-China: Cham is spoken in Vietnam. It was the language of a pre-Vietnamese Hindu Chamba Empire. The present speakers are Muslim. In the Pacific, languages like Maori (New Zealand), Fijian, Tahitian, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chamorro (Cham), and Hawaiian.

An interesting exception is Malagasy, which is spoken in Madagascar, a large island off the coast of southern Africa. Its nearest linguistic relative is spoken in Borneo. Over 1500 years ago, people from the islands of Indonesia migrated in boats across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. Here, they picked up African culture, but their language gives away their origins.

Malayo-Polynesian
1.

2.

Formosan Branch (Amis) : Atayal : Paiwan : Tsou Western Branch (Indonesian) : Malay : Javanese : Sundanese Madurese : Tagalog : Visayan : Malagasy : Achinese Batak : Buginese : Balinese : Ilocano : Bikol Igorot : Maranao : Pampangan : Pangasinan : Jarai Rhade : Cham Micronesian BranchMarshallese : Gilbertese : Chamorro : Ponapean Yapese : Palau : Trukese : Nauruan

3. Melanesian Branch (Fijian) : Motu : YabimPolynesian BranchMaori : Uvea : Samoan : Tongan : Niuean Rarotongan : Tahitian : Tuamotu : Marquesan Hawaiian : Rapa Nui