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INVESTIGATION
OUTLINE
THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
THE STYLES OF THINKING
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
THE HYPOTHETICO DEDUCTIVE METHOD
OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
DEDUCTION BASED : REASONED
CONCLUSION BY GENERALIZING A KNOWN
FACT. MUST HAVE A VALID PREMISE AND
TRUE IN THE REAL WORLD
INDUCTION BASED : CONCLUSION FROM
OBSERVED EVIDENCE NOT STRONGLY
RELATED. INVOLVING INFERENTIAL JUMP
BEYOND THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED
COMBINATION OF DEDUCTION & INDUCTION
IDENTIFICATION
OBSERVATION
OF PROBLEM
REFINEMENT OF
THEORY THEORATICAL
(FOR FRAMEWORK
IMPLEMENTATION)
DATA FORMULATION OF
INTERPRETATION HYPOTHESES
FORMULATION OF
RESEARCH
DESIGN
BRM 2 - SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 6
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
PURPOSIVENESS: SHOULD HAVE DEFINITE AIM
REFLECT RIGOR:
RIGOR SHOW CAREFULNESS, SCRUPULOUSNESS & DEGREE OF
EXACTITUDE IN RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS
TESTABILITY:
TESTABILITY CAN BE TESTED BY APPLICATION OF CERTAIN STATISTICAL
TESTS TO COLLECTED DATA
REPLICABILITY:
REPLICABILITY SHOULD PROVIDE SAME RESULTS IF TESTS ARE
REPEATED IN OTHER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES
PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE: HAVE ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF
ACCURACY AND PROBABILITY OF APPLICATION TO THE WHOLE
OBJECTIVITY:
OBJECTIVITY BASED ON FACTS AND NOT ON SUBJECTIVE OR EMOTIONAL
VALUES
GENERALIZABILITY:
GENERALIZABILITY HAVE SCOPE OF APPLICATION TO OTHER SETTINGS
PARSIMONY:
PARSIMONY SIMPLICITY IN EXPLAINING THE PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR
AND IN GENERATING SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS
HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
CASE STUDIES
ACTION RESEARCH
1. OBSERVATION
2. PRELIMINARY INFO GATHERING LEADING TO
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
3. THEORY FORMULATION
4. HYPOTHESIZING
5. DETAILED DATA COLLECTION
6. DATA ANALYSIS
7. DEDUCTION – CONCLUSION
All these steps are explained in subsequent slides
OBSERVATION
SENSING OF CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
WHICH HAVE POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT
CONSEQUENCES
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION GATHERING
INVOLVES SEEKING INFO IN DEPTH
INTERVIEWS AND LITERATURE SURVEY
LEADS TO PROBLEM AREA IDENTIFICATION.
THEORY FORMULATION
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLES* AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROBLEM
( A VARIABLE IS ANYTHING THAT CAN TAKE ON
DIFFERING OR VARYING VALUES SUCH AS PRODUCTION
UNITS, ABSENTEEISM, LEVEL OF MOTIVATION, ETC)
HYPOTHESIZING
FROM THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP OF
VARIABLES CERTAIN TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS
(OR EDUCATED CONJECTURES) CAN BE
GENERATED
DETAILED DATA COLLECTION
SURVEY & COLLECTION OF DATA NEEDED TO
TEST THE HYPOTHESIS
DATA ANALYSIS
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA TO SEE IF IT
SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS
DEDUCTION
PROCESS OF ARRIVING AT CONCLUSIONS BY
INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE
EACH STUDENT WILL BE REQUIRED
TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
AND PRESENT IT TO THE CLASS