Compendium Review

Major Topic One: Cells

Table of Contents
Part 1
Life and Characteristics
Humans Relation to Animals
Scientific Method
Science, Technology, and Human Responsibility

Part 2
Atoms and Molecules
Living Things and Water
Molecules and Their Functions
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic
 Part 1
 Life and Characteristics
 Humans Relation to Animals
 Scientific Method
 Science, Technology, and Human
Responsibility
 Life and its Characteristics
 Biology: “The science of life and of living
organisms, including their structure, function,
growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. It
includes botany and zoology and all their
subdivisions.” <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biology>
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biology>

There are Seven Distinct Characteristics of Living

Things
2. Organized
3. Obtain Materials and
Energy
4. Reproduce
5. Grow and Develop
6. Homeostatic
7. React to Stimuli
8. Evolutionary History

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organi <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversit
 All Living Things are Organized All quoted information on this page is
from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader
(Page 3)

ATOM: “smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.”

MOLECULE: “Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.”
CELL: “The structural and functional unit of all living things.”
TISSUE: “A group of cells with a common structure and function.”
ORGAN: “Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task.”
ORGAN SYSTEM: “Composed of several organs working together”
ORGANISM: “An Individual; complex individuals contain organ systems.”
POPULATION: “Organisms of the same species in a particular area.”
COMMUNITY: “Interacting populations in a particular area.”
ECOSYSTEM: “A community plus the physical environment.”
.
BIOSPHERE: “Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living
things.”

Picture from
Picture from
http://en.wikipedia.o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
rg/wiki/Molecule

Picture from
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Organ_system Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosyste
Chart of Levels of Organization
1. When ATOMS merge together they form
MOLECULES which create CELLS. There
are several different types of CELLS, each
with their own function. When a living
thing is organized of numerous CELLS,
they are said to be MULTICELLULAR.
2. When a collection of related CELLS carry
out a specific function together, they are
known as a TISSUE. When multiple types
of TISSUE combine to execute a
specialized task, they are known as an
ORGAN SYSTEM.
3. Living things which contain an assembly
of ORGAN SYSTEMS are known as
ORGANISMS; furthermore, a collection of
organisms which are able to breed and
produce offspring are known as a SPECIES.
In any particular location, occupants of the
same SPECIES are called a POPULATION.
4. The POPULATIONS of diverse SPECIES
living together make up a COMMUNITY,
and any particular COMMUNITY interacting
with their physical environment forms an
ECOSYSTEM. Lastly, all of the different
ECOSYSTEMS which inhabit the planet
This Picture is from page 3 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader
 Obtain Materials and Energy
Living things require materials and energy from nature in order to live. The
cells of an organism need the proper nutrients to carry out their specific
functions and help the organism to perform daily tasks.

Reproduce
http://www.outofafricapark.coml

Cells are created by cells; thus, all living this

reproduce. The act of producing offspring helps to
Picture from

ensure a species existence. All living things can create

Food=Energy more of themselves due to the replication of genes
(DNA molecules). DNA contains information which
dictates how new cells will be organized and
Acorn to metabolize.
Tree Grow and Develop
All living things undergo a
development process from
birth to death.
Development of an
organism includes growth Mother & Offspring
and repair.
Picture from
Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 5 http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2007-
 Homeostatic

Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

The normal conditions upheld in a cell
or organism is known as Homeostasis.
For example, the organ systems of
humans all work together to perform
certain functions such as absorbing
nutrients and oxygen, and excreting cold-blooded tarantula on warm
hand
waste. They also adjust their processes
to maintain regularity such as sweating Respond to
when the body temperature starts to Stimuli
Living things respond to the
rise. internal and external
Evolutio environments. A plant may grow
towards an area which provides
n organism is unique because
Each better sunlight and a person may
it can adapt to changing scream out of fear during a movie.
environments. A species will
modify throughout generation to
conform to changing
environments. For example,
some frogs can change their
colors depending on physical or
psychological surroundings Can you
which may help them hide from see
predators or blend in during Picture http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-
 Life and Characteristics
 HUMANS RELATION TO ANIMALS
 ScientificMethod
 Science, Technology, and Human
Responsibility
 How are Humans Related to
Animals?
 Living Things Fall into 3 Categories
 Culture
 Biosphere Members
 Biosphere Threats

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 6

 How are Humans Related to
Animals?
Living Things Fall Into Three Domains

3. Domain Eukarya (membrane-bounded nucleus)

A. Kingdom Animalia (Vertebrates)
B. Kingdom Plantae
C. Kingdom Fungi
D. Kingdom Protista

2. Domain Archaea and

Bacteria
(no membrane-bounded
nucleus)

Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 6

 Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

Culture
Species, such as human beings, have
certain behaviors, beliefs, values and Eart
skills which are typically passed down h
from generations. They can also be
acquired through interaction with
others. Some examples are language,
tool use, and religion.
Biosphere Members
Living things are found on the surface
of Earth, in its waters and air. We all
Picture from
http://en.wik
inhibit the biosphere and depend on
ipedia.org/w
iki/Christiani the biosphere’s natural ecosystems
ty

Jesus: Sermon on the for waste decomposition, break down

Mount of pollutant particles, crop irrigation,
drinking water, food, and beauty.
Biosphere Threats
Human activity is altering
Earth’s biodiversity; resulting in Alteration
the extinction of different of what
species on a daily base. was once
Anytime a natural ecosystem is natural
ecosystem Picture from
modified for human use it can Human Biology
by Sylvia S.
decrease certain species Mader Page 7
 Life
and Characteristics
 Humans Relation to Animals

 Scientific Method
 Science,
Technology, and Human
Responsibility
 Scientific Method
SCIENTIFIC THERORIES help us to understand the different orders of,
and in, the natural world. For theories to be proved or disproved,
information must be collected and processed by a SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
The scientific method has different steps which must be completed
before answering a theory.
• Observation: A scientist will study new data, as well as previous data,
and ask questions to help form a hypothesis.
• Hypothesis: Theory which is proposed after making observations.
• Experiment: Process to test the hypothesis with further observation.
• Conclusion: Analyzing the results from the experiment. They will either
support or reject the hypothesis.

Diagram showing
step-by-step
explanation of
scientific method Picture from
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-
procedure fair-
 Lifeand Characteristics
 Humans Relation to Animals
 Scientific Method

 Science,
Technology, and
Human Responsibility
 Science, Technology, and Human
Responsibility
• “The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use
of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and
the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts,
engineering, applied science, and pure science…
• The terminology of an art, science, etc.; technical
nomenclature…
• A technological process, invention, method, or the like…
• The sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves
with the material objects of their civilization.” Terminology from
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technology

Technology can be described as many different things; however one

thing that is constant about technology is it contains benefits and
risks. From the manmade effects on natural ecosystems to GM foods
or stem cell research, human values will always contradict peoples
opinions of what is right or wrong.

In the end, it is human responsibility to listen to what science tells us