chapter 1 :Transport

Learning objective: 1. Understanding the importance of having transport system in some multicellular organisms 2. Synthesise the concept of the circulatory system 3. Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting 4. Synthesise the concept of the lymphatic system 5. Understanding the role of the circulatory system in the bodyd defence mechanism 6. Appreciate a healthy cardiovasular system 7. Understanding the transport of substances in plants 8. Synthesise the concept of the transport of substances in plants

1.1 The importance of having a transport system in some multicellular organisms Learning outcomes: 1. Identify the problems that could be faced by multicellular organisms in obtaining their cellular requirements and getting rid of waste product 2. Suggest how these problems are overcome in multicellular organisms

Transport
To describe how the substance in our body move from one part to the other part Transport process varies in different types of organism

Difference transport in unicellular and multicellular organisms

1. Unicellular organism Ex? They have large total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ration that enable substance to diffuse easily into the cell To obtain oxygen and nutrients directly from external environment Carbon dioxide and other waste product also eliminated by diffusion through plasma membrane So, They do not need any internal transport system

Multicellular organisms
Ex? The TSA/V ration decreases Cells often located away from external surface of the body Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limiting factor to cellular activities in large animals These organism have specialized structure to increase surface area ( alveolus) They also need circulatory system to
Distribute nutrients and oxygen Remove waste product

exercise
Examine cuboid A and B. Calculate the TSA/V of both cuboids. Assume that the cuboids are two organisms. Which organisms obtain their cellular requirement (O2 and nutrients) and removing their waste product( co2 and urea) easily? Why?

Assignments
1. Why does unicellular organisms can undergoes diffusion process to transport their nutrients and waste products while multicellular organisms cannot? Elaborate your answer by giving suitable explanation.

( 8 marks)

1.2 The circulatory system

Learning Outcomes: 1. State what a circulatory system is 2. State the three components of the circulatory system in humans and animals 3. State the medium of transport in humans and animals 4. State the composition of human blood 5. Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport 6. Describe the structure of human blood vessel 7. Explain how blood is propelled through human circulatory system 8. Explain briefly how blood pressure regulated 9. Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the following: human, fish and amphibians 10. Conceptualise the circulatory systems in humans

Functions of the circulatory system

The circulatory system has three functions:
1.

Transporting substances around the body. These include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water and waste products.

2.

Controlling body temperature.

3.

Protecting the body. Blood contains cells and anti-bodies that fight infection and clotting agents to stop bleeding.

3 components of circulatory system

1. Medium of transport/ Blood 2. Blood vessel 3. Heart

1. Medium of transport/ Blood

Animals: Blood which consist of blood plasma, blood cells ( RBC, WBC) and plateles Invertebrates: Ex: Use haemolymph (fluid in hoemocoel) Hoemocoel: rongga

Functions: transport material around the body

Blood
Blood is the bodys means of transporting substances around. It transports:
oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the bodys tissues

carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then to the lungs to be expired
materials like hormones from one organ to another nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the intestines to the tissues

waste products to the kidneys.

Composition of Human Blood

Blood: connective tissue that are composed of 1. Cellular components (45%) Platelets Erythrocytes (RBC) Leucocytes( WBC) 1. Plasma (55%) Water(90%) Soluble solutes

Cellular components ( 45%)

1. Platelets Fragments of cells from bone marrow No nucleus Important for blood clotting process

1.Platelets
Platelets are also carried in the blood. Formed in red bone marrow. Produce thrombokinase a chemical needed for blood clotting. Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound.

 They aggregate and release factors which promote the blood coagulation.

2.Red blood cells

Blood is made up of a number of different elements. The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell. Also called erythrocytes.
Disc-shaped. Made in the bone marrow. Contain a red-coloured compound called haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Transport oxygen to the tissues.

 In the other vertebrates (e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a nucleus.

3.White blood cells

Blood also contains white blood cells.
Also called leucocytes.
They are bigger than red blood cells and have large nuclei. Act as the bodys defence system.

Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes. Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection. colorless

 Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood in different proportions: neutrophil 50 - 70 % eosinophil 2 - 4 % basophil 0,5 - 1 % lymphocyte 20 - 40 % monocyte 3 - 8 %

 In fact, these granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors. So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and basophil.

Leukocytes ( WBC)
1. Granulocytes 2. A granulocytes

1. Granulocytes
Granular cytoplasm filled with microscopic granules that are little sacs containing enzymes, compounds that digest microorganisms. Lobed nuclei( kelepek) Form in bone marrow Consist of: 1. Basophils 2. Neutrophils 3. Eosinophils

Neutrophils
As a Phagocytes Which digest bacteria and dead cells By phagocytosis process

Neutrophils

Eosinophils
Control allergic responses Kill parasitic worms by release enzyme.

eosinophils

Basophils
Secretes heparin to prevent blood clotting Involve in combating inflammatory and allergic reactions

basophils

 In the different types of granulocytes, the granules are different and help us to distinguish them. In fact, these granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors. So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and basophil

2. Agranulocytes
Clear cytoplasm Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek) Consist of 1. Lymphocytes 2. monocytes

 Lymphocytes are cells which, besides being present in the blood, Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, as well as the lymph circulating in the lymphatic vessel. An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to molecules of a complementary shape called antigens, and recognize them. As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by genes. On the basis of a recombination mechanism of some of these genes, every lymphocyte produces antibodies of a specific shape.

Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies Neutralize toxins Produce immune responses against foreign substance Largest leucocytes

Monocytes
Phagocytes Engulf digested bacteria and dead cells Origin: from bone marrow

Difference between RBC AND WBC

characteristics

RBC

WBC

1. SHAPE

a) Erythrocytes are biconcave disc serves to: Increase surface area to volume ratio Increase diffusion rate of gaseous exchange b) No nucleus to gives space for great quantities of haemoglobin Has haem group Contains iron atom For the site of oxygen binding When the partial pressure of o2 is high, Haemoglobin will combine with o2 to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

Leucocytes have nuclei Not have haemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes Do not have fixed shaped

2.FUNCTION

Responsible for the defense of organism against disease If pathogen invade the body, number of leucocytes will increase

3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer Thickness: 2 micrometer 4.Number of 5 million/mm3 blood cell/mm3

15 micro meter

6000-10000/mm3 (Ration: 1WBC:700RBC)

LIFESPAN

120 days Destroyed by phagocytes (WBC) in the liver and spleen(limpa)

Bone marrow Rate: 2 million/ second

A few days by phagocytosis process

MANUFACT URED IN

Bone marrow(granulocytes) But may migrate to thymus gland or lymph node For their growth and development stage Lymphatic system ( agranucolytes)

PLASMA

Plasma
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
90% water
inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-) glucose

antibodies
urea and other waste products plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin) Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide) Hormones ( insulin)

 The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a typical yellowish color The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic form, that is dissociated into positive and negative ions. Ex: Ca2+

plasma

Plasma can be separated from the other components of blood using a centrifuge.

Functions of blood in Transport

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Transport in oxygen Transport of carbon dioxide Transport of water to tissues Transport of excretory waste products Transport of hormones Transport of heat Transport of absorbed food materials

1. Transport of oxygen
Transport o2 from lung/alveolus cells/ all part of body Oxygen combine with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to form = oxyhaemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin and 02 O2 then supplied for cellular respiration (ATP) Hb + O2 ---> HbO
<-------

2. Transport of carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration release co2 Glucose + o2 - energy +co2+ water Carbon dioxide transported from cells to lungs/ alveolus in the form of: a)Hydrogen carbonate ions b) Carbaminohemoglobin c)Dissolves directly in the blood plasma When the blood reaches the lungs, the co2 release and diffuse out of the blood into the alveoli

 Hydrogen carbonate ions are produced when carbon dioxide produced by tissue respiration is absorbed by blood plasma. In your lungs, hydrogen carbonate ions turn back to carbon dioxide which is excreted when you exhale.

 Carbaminohaemoglobin is a combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.

3. Transport of water to tissues

Water is transported by blood to provide a medium for biochemical reactions

4.Transport of excretory waste products

1. Deamination Process removing the amino group from the excess amino acid. The amino group is converted to ammonia and then to urea by the liver From liver, urea transported by blood to kidneys to be excreted

5.Transport of hormones
Blood transport hormones produced by endocrine gland to the target organs Ex: insulin and glucagon carried by blood from pancreas to the liver

6. Transport of heat
Blood helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat

7. Transport of absorbed food materials

Soluble digested food, vitamins and mineral absorbed into capillaries of the villi in small intestine Ex: simple sugar: glucose Amino acids Water soluble vitamins Mineral salts

 They are transported by the hepatic portal vein from small intestine to liver and then to the heart Other food materials are absorbed into lacteals in the villi Ex: fatty acids, glycerol , vitamin ADEK (Fat soluble susbtances) They are then transported by the lymph into the blood circulatory system via the left subclavian vein

Hepatic portal vein

Lacteal and villi

lymph

Subclavian vein

Function of Haemolymph in transport

Haemolymph: the circulating fluid in open tissue spaces of invertebrates A circulating blood-like nutritive fluid which fills the entire body cavity called haemocoel A circulating system in invertebrates = open circulatory system because the haemolymph: 1. Is not confined to vessels only 2. Bathes the tissues and internal organs directly

 Nutrients such as digested food and hormones diffuse from haemolymph into cells. Waste products diffuse out from cells into the haemolymph Haemolymph does not transport respiratory gases. Gaseous exchange via the tracheal system

2. Blood vessels
Consist of arteries Capillaries Veins functions: carries blood around the body

Structure of human blood vessels

Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels,
blood from the heart
blood to the heart

artery
carries blood away from the heart carries blood to and from the bodys cells

vein
carries blood back into the heart

arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body Except pulmonary artery

capillaries Sites for the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes

Veins Transport deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heart except pulmonary vein

Blood pressure: Lower than arteries Lower than arteries High blood pressure but higher than veins in arteries

Thick muscular wall Lumen size small No valve except aorta

One cell thickness Thinner wall Lumen is very small Lumen size is large No valve Valve present to prevent backflow of blood

arteries

capillaries

Veins

To transport blood quickly at high pressure from the heart to tissues

Allow rapid gaseous Allow blood from exchange between tissues to return to blood and the body the heart cells by diffusion

The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

thick muscle and elastic fibres

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles with Venus
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres narrow central tube (lumen) ARTERY thin outer wall thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres VEIN

wide central tube (lumen) wall only one cell thick

CAPILLARY

Blood vessels: valves

When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood will flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent backflow. backflow vein valve prevented
open blood to the heart The valves allow blood to flow in the correct direction

vein valve closed

but close if blood starts to flow in the wrong direction.

3. Heart
A heart is an organ that generates pressure to pump the blood through out the body

How blood is propelled through the human circulatory system?

Location of the Heart

The heart is located between the lungs behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. It is surrounded by the pericardium. It is a fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight is about 250-300 g.

Location of the heart in the thorax

Anatomy of the heart

Heart made up of myogenic cardiac muscles which contract and relax automatically throughout life It is not controlled by nervous system

 The human heart has four chambers: 1. Left and right Atrium (atria= plural) Upper chambers which receive blood returning to the heart Thin -walled 2. Left and right ventricles Lower chambers which pump blood out of the heart Thick walled

Septum: Separates the right chambers from the left chambers The valves: ensure that blood flows only in one direction. 1. Tricuspid valve 2. Bicuspid valve 3. Semi lunar valve

The Heart Valves

The tricuspid valve- the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle The bicuspid valve- the valve between left atrium and left ventricle Semi lunar valve- the valves at the base of aorta and pulmonary artery

 The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs The left pump forces oxygenated blood to other parts of the body

Pumping of the heart/ the heartbeat

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.html

How does the heart beat?

SAN and AVN

Electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node: "natural pacemaker." causes the atria to contract. Blood is then forced into the ventricles The signal then passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node. sends the signal to the ventricles via the bundle of His causes the ventricles to contract. And pump the blood out of the heart

 Right ventricle pumps the blood into pulmonary artery which forces the blood to the lung Left ventricle pumps the blood into aorta which forces the blood to all part of the body

The Conduction System

 Left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the wall of the right ventricles Because it needs to generate greater pressure to pump blood to all parts of the body While the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs only

What is the cardiac cycle?

Cardiac cycle is the series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat Including contraction (systole) and relaxation ( diastole) of both atria and ventricles

 The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate the heartbeat on its own Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heart can increase the heart rate Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down The heart rate increase when: Increase in the secretion of hormone (adrenaline) An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood Body temperature is elevated

How does blood in the veins flow back to the heart?

1.Muscle relaxed , valves closed 2.Muscles contract, upper valves open and blood is forced upwards , lower valve remain close 3. Muscles relaxed, upper valves closed, lower valve opens as a result of muscle contraction elsewhere and blood flows forwards

Regulatory mechanism of blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted of the arterial blood vessels Arterial blood pressure is highest during ventricular systole , and lowest during diastole Baroreceptors monitor the pressure of blood flowing to the body and to the brain Baroreceptor located in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries branch out from the aorta.