THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

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Articulators above the larynx

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articulation noun rtkjlen Phonetics . a. the act or process of articulating speech. b. the adjustments and movements of speech organs involved in pronouncing a particular sound, taken as a whole.

In linguistics, manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound.

In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation ( or point of articulation) of is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).

The human voice produces sounds in the following manner: Air pressure from the lungs creates a steady flow of air through the trachea (windpipe), larynx (voice box) and pharynx (back of the throat). The vocal folds in the larynx vibrate, creating fluctuations in air pressure that are known as sound waves. Resonances in the vocal tract modify these waves according to the position and shape of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, and other speech organs, creating formant regions and thus different qualities of sonorant (voiced) sound. Mouth and nose openings radiate the sound waves into the environment.

Place of articulation (passive) The passive place of articulation is the place on the more stationary part of the vocal tract where the articulation occurs. It can be anywhere from the lips, upper teeth, gums, or roof of the mouth to the back of the throat.
The upper lip (labial) The upper teeth, either on the edge of the teeth or inner surface (dental) The alveolar ridge, the gum line just behind the teeth (alveolar) The back of the alveolar ridge (post-alveolar) The hard palate on the roof of the mouth (palatal) The soft palate further back on the roof of the mouth (velar) The uvula hanging down at the entrance to the throat (uvular) The throat itself, aka the pharynx (pharyngeal) The epiglottis at the entrance to the windpipe, above the voice box (epiglottal)

Place of articulation (active)

The articulatory gesture of the active place of articulation involves the more mobile part of the vocal tract. This is typically some part of the tongue or lips.

The lower lip (labial) Various parts of the front of the tongue: The tip of the tongue (apical) The upper front surface of the tongue just behind the tip, called the blade of the tongue (laminal) The surface of the tongue under the tip (subapical) The body of the tongue (dorsal) The base aka root of the tongue in the throat (radical) The epiglottis, the flap at the base of the tongue (epiglottal) The aryepiglottic folds at the entrance to the larynx (also epiglottal) The glottis (laryngeal)