1.

2 MOLE CONCEPT

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MATTER

Mole, NA
Limiting reactant & percentage yield

Interconvert between moles, mass, no particles, molar volume gas

MOLE CONCEPT
Calculation:

Empirical & molecular formula

Oxidation no Balancing equation:

1) Molarity 2) Molaliti 3) Mole fraction 4) Percentage by mass

MATTER

1) Inspection
2) ion electron method
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5) Percentage by volume
2

Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Define mole in terms of mass of carbon-12 and Avogadro constant, NA. (b) Interconvert between moles, mass, number of particles, molar volume of gas at s.t.p. and room temperature.
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A pair of shoes:

A dozen of eggs:

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MATTER

1.2 Mole Concept

A

mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains equal number of particles (atoms / molecules / ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12.000g of carbon-12.

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MATTER

 One

mole of carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12.000 grams and contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms carbon.
The value 6.02 x 1023 is known as

Avogadro Constant, NA
NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

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MATTER

Example: Water molecule, H2O

one H2O molecule : 1) ? hydrogen atom A H2O molecule consists 2 hydrogen atom 2) ? oxygen atom A H2O molecule consists one oxygen atom 3) How many atoms in a H2O molecule? Total atoms in a H2O molecule
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= 2 hydrogen atom + 1 oxygen atom = 3 atoms

One mole of H2O : 1) How many water molecules? One mole = 6.023 x 10 23 particles One mole water molecules = 6.023 x 10 23 water molecules = 18g of water 2) ? hydrogen atom molecules One water molecule consists 2 hydrogen atom

6.023 x 10 23 water molecules

= 2 x 6.023 x 10 23 hydrogen atoms
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One mole of H2O : 3) How many oxygen atom? One water molecules consists one oxygen atom 6.023 x 10 23 water molecules consist ( 1 x 6.023 x 10 23 ) oxygen atoms

4) How many atoms in one mole water molecules?

One water molecule consists 3 atoms 6.023 x 10 23 water molecules consists ( 3 x 6.023 x 10 23 ) atoms
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Example
1.0 mole of chlorine atom 1.0 mole of chlorine molecules = 6.02 x 1023 chlorine atoms = 35.5 g Cl = 6.02 x 1023 chlorine molecules = 71.1 g Cl2 = 6.022 x 1023 x 2 chlorine atoms = 6.02x 1023 molecules = 6.02 x 1023 x 4 atoms = 6.02 x 1023 N atom = 6.02 x 1023 X 3 H atoms
MATTER 10

1.0 mole of NH3

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Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of an element or one mole of compound is referred as molar

mass. Unit : g mol-1

Example: - molar mass of Mg = - molar mass of CH4 = =

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24 g mol-1 (12 + 4) gmol-1 16 g mol-1

11

Number of Mole

Number of mole Mass (g) -1 Molar Mass (g mol )

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Example 1

In 14 g of N 2 , calculate; i. Number of moles molecule if molar mass 28 g mol ii. Number of molecule iii. Number of atoms
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-1

Solution : i. Number of moles molecule if molar mass 28 gmol Mass (g) -1 Molar Mass (g mol ) 14 g 0.5 mol -1 28 g mol
MATTER

-1

Number of mole molecules N 2

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14

Example 1 (cont)
ii. Number of molecule Number of molecules N 2 Number of mole x N A 0.5 x 6.022 x 10 23 3.011 x 10 23 molecules iii. Number of atoms 1 molecule of N 2 contains 2 atoms of N 3.011 x 10 23 molecule of N 2 contains 2 x 3.011 x 10 23 atoms of N 6.022 x 10 23 atoms
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Example 2
Calculate the number H atom in 1 mole of NH 3 1 mole of NH 3 contains 3 moles of H atoms Number of atoms Number of moles NA Number of atoms 3 x 6.022 x 10
24 23

1.807 x 10 atoms

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MATTER

16

Example 3
Calculate the number of bromide ions in 2 moles of CaBr2 1 mole of CaBr2 contains 2 moles of bromide ions 2 mole of CaBr2 contains 4 moles of bromide ions so, Number of bromide ions 4 x 6.022 x 10
23

1.2046 x 10 24 ions

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MATTER

17

1.2.1 Mole Concept of Gases

Molar volume of any gas at STP

= 22.4 dm3 mol-1

s.t.p. = Standard Temperature and Pressure

Where,

T P
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= 273.15 K = 1 atm
MATTER 18

1 mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p At s.t.p, volume of gas (dm3) = number of mole X 22.4 dm3 mol-1

1 mole of gas has a volume of 24.0 dm3 at room temperature At room temperature, volume of gas (dm3) = number of mole X 24.0 dm3 mol-1
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Example 1
A balloon is filled with hydrogen gas at s.t.p. If the volume of the ballon is 2.24 dm 3 , calculate the amount (mole) of hydrogen gas. Solution 1, 22.4 dm 3 consists 1 mol of hydrogen gas 2.24 dm 3 consists 1 x 2.24 mol of hydrogen gas 22.4 so, Number of mole 0.1 mol
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20

Cont from example 1

Solution 2, volume of gas (dm ) Number of mole 3 1 22.4 dm mol 3 2.24dm 3 1 22.4 dm mol 0.1 mol
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Exercise
A sample of CO2 has a volume of 56 cm3 at STP. Calculate: a. The number of moles of gas molecules 0.0025 mol
b.

The number of molecular 1.506 x 1021 molecules The number of oxygen atoms in the sample 3.011x1021atoms Note: 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 1 dm3 = 1L
MATTER 22

c.

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Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able :

(a) Determine empirical and

molecular formulae from mass composition or combustion data.

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MATTER

23

Empirical And Molecular Formulae

-

Empirical formula is a chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of all elements in a molecule. Molecular formula is a formula that show the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
MATTER 24

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The relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula is : Molecular formula = n ( empirical formula )
Where ;

relative molecular mass n emprical formula mass

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Example A sample of hydrocarbon contains 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Its molar mass is 56. Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound.

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MATTER

26

Solution :

C mass Number of mol 85.7 85.7 12 7.1417

H 14.3 14.3 1 14.3

Simplest ratio

Empirical formula = CH2

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relative molecular mass n emprical formula mass

n = 56 14 = 4
56 14 4

molecular formula = C4H8

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Exercise
A combustion of 0.202 g of an organic sample that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen produce 0.361g carbon dioxide and 0.147 g water. If the relative molecular mass of the sample is 148, what is the molecular formula. Ans : C6H12O4
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Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Define and perform calculation for each of the following concentration measurements :

i) molarity , C ii) molality , m

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Units of concentration of a solution: A. B. C. D. E. Molarity Molality Mole Fraction Percentage by Mass Percentage by Volume

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MATTER

31

1.2.2 Concentration of Solution

Solution When an amount of solute dissolved completely in a solvent and it will form a homogeneous mixture.

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MATTER

32

A. Molarity (C)

The number of moles of solute per cubic decimetre (dm3) or litre (L) of solution.

moles of solute (mol) molarity, C 3 volume of solution (dm ) Unit : mol dm

-3

or mol L

-1

or molar

1 dm3 1L
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Note: = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL

MATTER 33

Example
Calculate the molarity of a solution of 1.71g sucrose (C12 H 22 O11 ) dissolved in a 0.5 L of w ater. [Ar H 1, C 12, O 16 ] Solution, Molar mass of sucrose (12x2) 22 (11x16) 342 g mol
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1
MATTER 34

Cont
Number of mole of sucrose mass molar mass 1.71 g 1 342 g mol

0.005 mol

molarity of solution sucrose mole of sucrose volume of solution 0.005 mol -1 0.01 mol L 0.5 L
MATTER

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35

Exercises
How many grams of K2Cr2O7 required to prepare a solution of 250 mL with 2.16 M? [Ar K 39.1, Cr 52, O 16] Ans : 158.87
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A matriculation student prepared a solution by dissolving 0.586 g of Na 2 CO 3 in 250cm3 of w ater.Cal culate its molarity? [Ar Na 23, C 12, O 16] Ans : 0.0221 moldm -3
MATTER 36

B. Molality (m)

Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent

moles of solute (mol) molality, m mass of solvent (kg) unit :

mol kg

-1

or molal or m

Note:

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent Volume of solution volume of solvent
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37

Example 1

Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution containing 24.4 g of sulphuric acid in 198 g of water? [molar mass H 2SO 4 98.08 g mol ]
-1
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mass Solution : n H 2 SO4 molar mass 24.4 g 1 98.08 g mol 0.2488 mol moles of solute (mol) Molality of H 2 SO 4 mass of solvent (kg) 0.2488 mol 0.198 kg 1.26 m
MATTER 39

Example 2

What is the molal concentrat ion of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in 40.0 mol of water? [molar mass H 2 O 18.02 g mol ]
-1
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Solution : n H 2O

mass molar mass

mass of H 2 O 40.0 mol x 18.02 gmol1 720.8 g or 7208 kg moles of solute (mol) Molality of H 2 O mass of solvent (kg) 0.3 mol 0.7208 kg 0.416 m
MATTER

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41

Exercises

What is the molality of a solution containing 7.78 g of urea [(NH2 ) 2 CO] in 203 g water? Ans : 0.639 m
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A solution containing 121.8 g of Zn(NO3 ) 2 per litre has a density of 1.107 g mL . Calculate its molal concentrat ion. Ans : 0.653 m
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-1

Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Define and perform calculation for each of the following concentration measurements : i) mole fraction, X ii) percentage by mass, % w/w iii) percentage by volume, %V/V (b) Determine the oxidation number of an element in a chemical formula.
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C. Mole Fraction (X)

Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all component present.
mole fraction of component A, X A moles of A total number of moles of all component XA nA ntotal
MATTER 45

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It is always smaller than 1

The total mole fraction in a mixture (solution) is equal to one.

XA + XB + XC = 1

What is the mole fraction of CuCl 2 in a solution prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in 40.0 mol of water? [molar mass H 2 O 18.02 g mol ]
-1
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Solution : nCuCl 2 X CuCl 2 n total 0 .3 0.3 40 0.007

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X H 2O

n H 2O n total

40 0.3 40 0.993
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X CuCl 2 XH2O 1 XH2O 1 0.007 0.093

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Example 2
A solution is prepared by mixing 55 g of toluene, C 7 H 8 and 55 g of bromobenzene C 6 H 5 Br. What is the mole fraction of each component? [Ar C 12.01, H 1.01, Br 79.9]
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Step 1 : 55 nC7 H 8 7(12.01) 8(1.01) 55 92.15 0.5969 mol Step 2 : 55 nC6 H 5 Br 6(12.01) 5(1.01) 79.90 55 157.55 0.3491 mol
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Step 3 : X C7 H 8 0.5969 0.5969 0.3491 0.63

Step 4 : X C6 H 5 Br 0.3491 0.5969 0.3491 0.37

51

D. Percentage by Mass (%w/w)

Percentage by mass is defined as the

percentage of the mass of solute per mass of solution.

mass of solute %w x100 w mass of solution mass of solution mass of solute mass of solvent
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Example 1
A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride is dissolved in 54.3 g of water. What is percentage by mass in the solution?

Solution : %w mass of solute x100 w mass of solution 0.892 x100 1.61% 0.892 54.3
MATTER 53

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Example 2

Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must be added to 5.00 g of urea in the preparation of a 16.2 percent by mass solution.
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Solution : mass of solute x100 w mass of solution 5 16.2 x100 mass of solution 5 mass of solution x100 30.86 g 16.2 %w mass of solution mass of solute mass of solvent 30.86 5.00 mass of solvent mass of solvent 30.86 - 5.00
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25.86 g

55

Exercises
1. How many grams of NaOH and water are needed to prepare 250.0 g of 1.00% NaOH solution? Ans : 2.50 g ; 247.5 g

2. Hydrochloric acid can be purchased as a solution of 37% HCl. What is the mass of this solution contains 7.5 g of HCl?
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Ans : 20.27 g

MATTER

56

E. Percentage By Volume (%V / V)

Percentage by volume is defined as the

percentage of volume of solute in milliliter per volume of solution in milliliter.

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volume of solute (mL) %V x 100 V volume of solution (mL) note : mass of solution Density of solution volume of solution
MATTER

57

Example
A 200mL of perfume contains 28 mL of alcohol. What is the % by volume of alcohol in this solution?
Solution : %V volume of alcohol (mL) x 100 V volume of solution (mL) 28 x 100 200 14 %
MATTER

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58

Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Write and balance : i) chemical equation by inspection method ii) redox equation by ion-electron method

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MATTER

59

1.2.3 Balancing Chemical Equation

A chemical equation shows a chemical reaction using symbols for the reactants and products. The formulae of the reactants are written on the left side of the equation while the products are on the right.
MATTER 60

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xA+yB
Reactants

z C +w D
Products

The total number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides in a balanced equation.

The number x, y, z and w, showing the relative number of molecules reacting, are called the stoichiometric coefficients.
The methods to balance an equation:

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Inspection Method
MATTER 61

Inspection Method
a.

Write down the unbalanced equation. Write the correct formulae for the reactants and products. Balance the metallic element, followed by non-metallic atoms. Balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Check to ensure that the total number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of equation.
MATTER 62

a.

b.

c.

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Example
Balance the chemical equation by applying the inspection method.

NH3 + CuO Cu + N2 + H2O

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MATTER

63

Exercise
1.

Balance the chemical equation below by applying inspection method.

a. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

b. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O c. N2H4 + H2O2 HNO3 + H2O d. ClO2 + H2O HClO3 + HCl
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64

1.2.4 Redox Reaction

Redox

reaction is a reaction that involves both reduction and oxidation.

The

Oxidation

substance loses one or more elactrons.

Increase
Act
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in oxidation number

as an reducing agent (reductant)

MATTER 65

 Reduction The

substance gains one or more elactrons. decrease in oxidation number Act as an oxidising agent (oxidant)

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MATTER

66

Oxidation numbers of any atoms can be determined by applying the following rules:
In a free element , as an atom or a molecule the oxidation number is zero. Example: Na = 0 Cl2 = 0 Br2 = 0 O2 = 0 Mg = 0
MATTER

1.

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67

2.

For monoatomic ion, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion.
Example:

Na+ = Al3+ =

+1 +3

Mg2+ = +2 S2- = -2

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MATTER

68

3.
4.

Fluorine always have oxidation number of -1 in its compound. Other halogens have a negative oxidation no when occur as halide while have positive number when combine with oxygen. Example: Oxidation number of F in NaF = -1 Oxidation number of Cl in HCl = -1 Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O7 = +7
MATTER 69

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5. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in its compound except in metal hydrides which hydrogen has an oxidation number of -1 Example:
Oxidation number of H in HCl = Oxidation number of H in NaH = Oxidation number of H in MgH2 =

+1 -1 -1

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MATTER

70

6. Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in most of its compound. Example: Oxidation number of O in MgO =
Oxidation number of O in H2O =

-2 -2

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MATTER

71

However there are two exceptional cases: - in peroxides, its oxidation number is -1 Example:

Oxidation number of O in H2O2=-1

When combine with fluorine, posses a positive oxidation number Example:

Oxidation number of O in OF2 = +2

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7. In neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation number of all atoms that made up the molecule is equal to zero. Example: Oxidation number of H2O = 0 Oxidation number of HCl = 0 Oxidation number of KMnO4 = 0

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MATTER

73

8. For polyatomic ions, the total oxidation number of all atoms that made up the polyatomic ion must be equal to the nett charge of the ion.
Example: Oxidation number of MnO4Oxidation number of Cr2O72Oxidation number of NO32/12/2014 MATTER

= = =

-1 -2 -1
74

Example : Assign the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-.

Solution :

Cr2O7 = -2 oxidation no of Cr=x 2 x + 7 (-2) = -2 2 x = + 12 x=+6 oxidation no of Cr = +6

2/12/2014 MATTER 75

Exercise
1.

Assign the oxidation number of Mn in the following chemical compounds. i. MnO2 ii. MnO4Assign the oxidation number of Cl in the following chemical compounds. i. KClO3 ii. Cl2O72Assign the oxidation number of following: i. Cr in K2Cr2O7 ii.U in UO22+ iii.C in C2O42MATTER

2.

3.

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76

1.2.4.1 Balancing Redox Reaction

Redox

reaction may occur in acidic and basic solutions.

Follow

the steps systematically so that equations become easier to balance.

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MATTER

77

Balancing Redox Reaction In Acidic Solution

Fe2+ + MnO4- Fe3+ + Mn2+

1. Divide the equation into two half reactions, one involving oxidation and the other reduction
i. ii.
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Fe2+ Fe3+ MnO4- Mn2+

MATTER 78

2.

Balance each half-reaction a. first, balance the element other than oxygen and hydrogen
i. ii. Fe2+ Fe3+ MnO4- Mn2+

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MATTER

79

b. second, balance the oxygen atom by adding

H2O and hydrogen by adding H+

i. ii.

Fe2+ Fe3+ MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O

c. then, balance the charge by adding electrons to the side with the greater overall positive charge.

i. Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O

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3. Multiply each half-reaction by an interger, so that number of electron lost in one half-reaction equals the number gained in the other. i. 5 x (Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e) 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + 5e ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O 4. Add the two half-reactions and simplify where possible by canceling species appearing on both sides of the equation. i. 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + 5e ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
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5.

Check the equation to make sure that there are the same number of atoms of each kind and the same total charge on both sides.

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O Total charge reactant = 5(+2) + (-1) + 8(+1) = + 10 - 1 + 8 = +17
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Total charge product = 5(+3) + (+2) + 4(0) = + 15 + (+2) = +17

82

Example: In Acidic Solution

C2O42- + MnO4- + H+ CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O Solution: 1. i. Oxidation : C2O42- CO2 ii.Reduction: MnO4- Mn2+ 2. i. C2O42- 2CO2 ii.MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O 3. i. C2O42- 2CO2 + 2e ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
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83

4. i. 5 x (C2O42- 2CO2 + 2e) 5C2O42- 10CO2 + 10e ii. 2 x (MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O) 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e 2Mn2+ + 8H2O 5.i. 5C2O42- 10CO2 + 10e ii. 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e 2Mn2+ + 8H2O _____________________________________ 5C2O42- +2MnO4- +16H+ 10CO2 + 2Mn2++8H2O
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Balancing Redox Reaction In Basic Solution

1.

Firstly balance the equation as in acidic solution . Then, add OH- to both sides of the equation so that it can be combined with H+ to form H 2O .

2.

3. The number of hydroxide ions (OH-) added is equal to the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in the equation.
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Example: In Basic Solution

Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + OH- CrO32- + I- + H2O Solution: 1. i. Oxidation : Cr(OH)3 CrO32ii.Reduction: IO3- I2. i. Cr(OH)3 CrO32- + 3H+ ii.IO3- + 6H+ I- + 3H2O 3. i. Cr(OH)3 CrO32- + 3H+ + 1e ii.IO3- + 6H+ + 6e I- + 3H2O
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86

4.

i. 6 x (Cr(OH)3 CrO32- + 3H+ + 1e) 6Cr(OH)3 6CrO32- + 18H+ + 6e ii. IO3- + 6H+ + 6e I- + 3H2O

5. i. 6Cr(OH)3 6CrO32- + 18H+ + 6e

ii. IO3- + 6H+ + 6e I- + 3H2O 6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- 6CrO32- + I- + 12H+ + 3H2O 6. 6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + 12OH- 6CrO32- + I- + 12H+ + 3H2O + 12OH7. 6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + 12OH- 6CrO32- + I- + 15H2O
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Exercise
Balance the following redox equations: a. In Acidic Solution i. Cu + NO3 + H+ Cu2+ + NO2 + H2O ii. MnO4- + H2SO3 Mn2+ + SO42- +H2O + H+ iii. Zn + SO42- + H+ Zn2+ + SO2 + H2O b. i. ii. iii. In Basic Solution ClO- + S2O32- Cl- + SO42Cl2 ClO3- + ClNO2 NO3 + NO
MATTER

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88

1.2.5 Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Example: CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)CaCl2(aq)+CO2 (g)+H2O(l)

1 mole of CaCO3 reacts with 2 moles of HCl to yield 1 mole of CaCl2, 1 mole of CO2 and 1 mole of H2O.
Stoichiometry can be used for calculating the species we are interested in during a reaction.
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Example 1
How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl do we need to react with 0.5 moles of zinc?

Solution : Zn (s) 2HCl (l) ZnCl2 (s) H 2 (g) From the equation, 1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 mol of HCl 0.5 mole of Zn react wit h 0.5 x 2 mol of HCl 1 mol HCl 1
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90

Example 2
How many moles of H2O will be formed when 0.25 moles of C2H5OH burns in oxygen?

Solution : C 2 H 5 OH 3O 2 2CO 2 3H 2 O From the equation, 1 mol of C 2 H 5 OH gives 3 moles of H 2 O 0.25 x 3 X 0.75 mol H 2 O 1
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0.25 mol of C 2 H 5 OH gives X moles of H 2 O

91

Exercise 1
A 16.50 mL 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to oxidise 20.00mL of a FeSO4 solution in an acidic medium. What is the concentration of the FeSO4 solution? The net ionic equation is: 5Fe 2+ + MnO4- +8H+ Mn 2+ +5Fe 3+ +4H2O

Answer : 0.5474 M
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Exercise 2
How many mililitres of 0.112 M HCl will react exactly with the sodium carbonate in 21.2 mL of 0.150 M Na2CO3 according to the following equation? 2HCl(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) +H2O(l) Answer : 56.8 mL
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2NaCl(aq)+CO2(g)

Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able :

(a) Define limiting reactant and percentage yield.

(b) Perform stoichiometric calculations using mole concept including reactant and percentage yield.
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1.2.5.1 Limiting Reactant

A limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction and limits the amount of

products formed.

An excess reactant is the reactant that is not completely consumed in a reaction and remains at the end of the reaction.
MATTER 95

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Example 1
S + 3F2 SF6 If 4 mol of S reacts with 10 mol of F2 , which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
Solution : From the equation, 1 mol of S reacts with 3 moles of F2 4 mol of S reacts with X moles of F2 4 x3 X 12 mol F2 1 Compare n F2 needed (12 mol) with n F2 (10 mol) available in the question. F2 is in limit, F2 is the limiting reactant.
2/12/2014 MATTER 96

Example 2
C is prepared by reacting A and B : A + 5B C In a process, 2 mol of A react with 9 mol of B. a. Which is the limiting reactant? b. Calculate the number of mole(s) of C? c. How much of the excess reactant (in mol) is left at the end of the reaction?
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Solution A :

From the equation, 1 mol of A reacts with 5 moles of B 2 mol of A reacts with X moles of B 2 x5 X 10 mol H 2 O 1 Compare n B needed (10 mol) with n B (9 mol) available from the question. B is in limit, reactant.
MATTER 98 2/12/2014

B is the limiting

Solution B : The amount of product formed relies of the moles of B, the limiting reactant. From the equation, 5 mol of B produce with 1 moles of C 9 mol of B produce with X moles of C 9 x1 X 5 1.8 mol C
2/12/2014

MATTER

99

Solution C : A is the excess reactant . From the equation, 5 mol of B produce with 1 moles of A 9 mol of B produce with X moles of C 9 x1 X 1.8 mol A 5 The amount excess reactant 2 - 1.8 0.2 mol A
2/12/2014 MATTER 100

Percentage yield
The

percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield (obtained from experiment) to the theoretical yield (obtained from stoichiometry calculation) multiply by 100%

Percentage yield = actual yield theoretical yield

MATTER

x 100%

2/12/2014

101

Exercise
In a certain experiment, 14.6g of SbF3 was allowed to react with CCl4 in excess. After the reaction was finished, 8.62g of CCl2F2 was obtained. 3 CCl4 + 2 SbF3 3 CCl2F2 + 2 SbCl3

[ Ar Sb = 122, F = 19, C= 12, Cl = 35.5 ] a) What was the theoretical yield of CCl2F2 in grams ? b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2 ? Ans : a) 11.6 g b) 74.31 %
2/12/2014 MATTER 102