PROJECT TITLE:- POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

BY USING MATLAB COD.

1
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A power flow analysis (load-flow analysis) is a steady-
state analysis whose target is to determine
Bus voltages profile
Currents
Real and reactive power flows in a system under a given
load conditions.
The load flow solution gives the
Nodal voltages and phase angles
The power injection at all the buses and
Power flows through interconnecting power channels



2
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
In a power system each node or bus is associated with
four quantities
Magnitude of voltage
Phage angle of voltage
Active power and
Reactive power
In load flow problem two out of these four quantities are
specified and remaining two is required to be determined

3
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
Depending on the quantities that have been specified, the
buses are classified into three categories.
1. Slack (swing) bus
2. Voltage controlled bus (P-V)
3. Load bus (P-Q)
To finish load flow analysis there are methods of
mathematical calculations which consist plenty of step
depend on the size of system.
But this process is difficult and takes a lot of times to
perform by hand.
In order to improve these difficulties, this project aimed
to develop Matlab programmes for two popularly used
algorithms in load flow analysis.

4
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

1.2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper is
To develop a computer program to solve the set of non
linear load flow equations using Gauss- Seidal and
Newton- Raphson load flow algorithm.
To evaluate the performance of these two methods.

5
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

1.3. METHODOLOGY
Form a bus admittance matrix Y
bus
for the power system
Perform nodal analysis of power system
The basic equation for power-flow analysis is derived
from the nodal analysis equations.
Build flow chart of power-flow analysis technique
Develop Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson power-
flow method algorithm.
Coding Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson power-flow
algorithm using Matlab software.

6
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2. BACKGROUND
2.1 BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
The Y
bus
matrix constitutes the models of the
passive portions of the power network.
Ybus matrix is often used in solving load flow
problems.
that is Y
bus
(i i)
Where: B
ij
is the half line shunt admittance in mho.
Y
ij
is the series admittance in mho.
Off-diagonal element in Y-bus matrix = -Y
ij
that is
Y
bus
(i j) or Y
bus
(j i)
Where: Y
ij
is the series admittance in mho.

7
n
ij
j=1
Main diagonal element in Y-bus matrix=
ij
G B +

1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.1.1. ALGORITHM
Step 1: Read the number of buses and the number
of lines of the given system.
Step 2: Read the self-admittance of each bus and
the mutual admittance between the buses.
Step 3: Calculate the diagonal element term called
the bus driving point admittance, Y
ii
which is the
sum of the admittances connected to bus i.
Step 4: The off-diagonal term called the transfer
admittance, Y
ij
which is the negative of the
admittance connected from bus i to bus j.
Step 5: Check for the end of bus count and print the
computed Y-bus matrix.

8
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.2. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Load flow study is the steady state solution of
the power system network and uses simplified
notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit
system.
9
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3. METHODS OF LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
The solution of the simultaneous nonlinear power
flow equations requires the use of iterative
techniques for even the simplest power systems.
There are many methods for solving nonlinear
equations, such as:
Gauss Seidel.
Newton-Raphson.
Fast Decoupled
In this project we made use of the Gauss-Seidel
and Newton -Raphson method
10
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3.1.GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
Gauss-Seidel method is also known as the method
of successive displacements.
It is important to have a good approximation to the
load flow solution, which is after used as a starting
estimate (or initial guess) in the iterative procedure.

11
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
The 1
st
task is driving the load flow equation

12
*
1
* *
1
*
1
......................... 1, 2,........
1
......................................................................
n
i i i ij j
j
n
i i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
n
i i
i ij j
j
ii i
j i
P Q V Y V i n
P Q V Y V V Y V
P Q
V Y V
Y V
=
=
=
=
=
= =
= +
| |

|
=
|
|
\ .

* *
1
* *
1
.................(1)
.......................................................................................(2)
Im .......
n
i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
n
i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
P RE V Y V V Y V
Q ag V Y V V Y V
=
=
=
=
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .

...........................................................................(3)
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
At the beginning of an iterative method, a set of
values for the unknown quantities are chosen.
These are then update at each iteration.
The process continues till errors between all the
known and actual quantities reduce below a pre-
specified value.
The Gauss-Seidel method needs much iteration to
achieve the desired accuracy,
And there is no guarantee for the convergence.

13
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3.1.1. ALGORITHM
Step 0: Formulate and Assemble Y
bus
in Per Unit
Step 1: Assign Initial Guesses to Unknown Voltage
Magnitudes and Angles

Step 2:For Load Buses, calculate from this equation

Where k iteration number
For voltage-controlled busses, calculate Q
i
by
equation (4) and check limits then find by equation
(5)


14
1..... 0 V o = =
( 1)
*
1
1
n
k
i i
i ij j
j
ii i
j i
P Q
V Y V
Y V
+
=
=
| |

|
=
|
|
\ .

1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD





However, is specified for voltage-controlled
busses. So,

Step 3: Check Convergence


15
( 1) * *
1
Im .................................................(4)
n
k
i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
Q ag V Y V V Y V
+
=
=
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .

( 1)
*
1
1
.............................................................(5)
n
k
i i
i ij j
j
ii i
j i
P Q
V Y V
Y V
+
=
=
| |

|
=
|
|
\ .

( 1) ( 1)
,
k k
i i i calcu
V V spec o
+ +
= Z
( 1) k
i i
V V c
+
s
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
If the difference is greater than tolerance, return to
Step 2. If the difference is less than tolerance, the
solution has converged; go to Step 4.
Step 4: Find Slack Bus Power P
G
and Q
G






Step 5: Find All Line Flows

16
* *
1
n
i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
P RE V Y V V Y V
=
=
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .

* *
1
Im
n
i i ii i i ij j
j
j i
Q ag V Y V V Y V
=
=
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .

( )
ij i j ij
I V V y =
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD






The power loss in line (i- j) is the algebraic sum of
the power flows determined in equation (6) and (7).

17
( )
ji j i ji
I V V y =
*
........................................(7)
ji j ji
S V I =
*
.....................................................(6)
ij i ij
S VI =
Lji ij ji
S S S = +
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3.1.2. GAUSS-SEIDEL MATLAB CODE
Gauss-seidal matlab cod



2.3.2. NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
It is an iterative method which approximates the set
of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of
linear simultaneous equations using Taylors series
expansion and the terms are limited to first order
approximation.


18
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
Power flow equation
Real power in terms of V
i
, , and Y
ij



Reactive power


Newton- Raphson matrix form:


19
1
( )..........................................(8)
n
i i j ij ij ij ij
j
P V V G Cos B Sin u u
=
= +

1
( )..........................................(9)
n
i i j ij ij ij ij
j
Q V V G Sin B Cos u u
=
=

1 2
3 4
J J P
J J Q V
o A A
( ( (
=
( ( (
A A

1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3.2.1. ALGORITHM NEWTON-RAPHSON
Step 1: Formulate and Assemble Y
bus
in Per Unit
Step 2: Assign Initial Guesses to Unknown Voltage
Magnitudes and Angles

Step 3: Compute P
i
and Q
i
for each load bus from
the Equations (8) and (9).
Step 4: Determine the Mismatch Vector for
Iteration k

20
1..... 0 V o = =
(k)
i
(k)
i
P
Q
( A
(
A

( ) ( ) k Sch k
i i i
P P P A =
( ) ( ) k Sch k
i i i
Q Q Q A =
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
For PV buses, the exact value of Q
i
is not specified,
but its limits are known.
If the calculated value of Q
i
is within limits, only is
calculated.
If the calculated value of Q
i
is beyond the limits,
then an appropriate limit is imposed and is also
calculated by subtracting the calculated value of Q
i

from the appropriate limit.
The bus under consideration is now treated as a
load bus.
21
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD
Step 5: Determine the Jacobian Matrix using the
estimated value in step-2


Step 6: Obtain



Step 7: Update the voltage and angle start next
iteration cycle at step 2 with this modified value.




22
1 2
3 4
J J
J
J J
(
=
(

( ) ( )
From matrix
k k
i i
V and o A A
| |
( )
(k)
i
(k)
( )
i
P
\
Q
k
i
k
i
V
J
o
(
A ( A
=
(
(
A
A
(

( 1) ( ) ( ) k k k
i i i
o o o
+
= + A
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

CONTD

Step 8: Continue until scheduled errors for all buses
are within a specified tolerance



Step 9: Find Slack Bus Power P
G
and Q
G
from
Equation (8) and (9).
Step 10: Compute Line Flows and Total Line
Losses from Equation (6) and (7)

23
( 1) ( ) ( ) k k k
i i i
V V V
+
= + A
( ) k
i
Q c A s
( ) k
i
P c A s
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

2.3.2.2. NEWTON-RAPHSON MATLAB CODE



Newton-raphson matlab code

24
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4

4. CONCLUSION
The result of power flow study is the magnitude and
phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the
real and reactive power flowing in each line.
This information is essential in long term
planning,
It helps in choosing the best unit commitment plan
and generation schedules to run the system
efficiently
Rate of convergence of Newton-Raphson method is
fast as compared to the Gauss -Seidal program and
also it is suitable for large size system.


25
1
3

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

2
0
1
4