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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
2. THE IMPORTANCE OF USING SOLID STATE FERMENTATION (SSF)
Worldwide citric acid production is around 1.4 million tones per year. At current prices the market is worth about $1.5 billion.
Fermentation process is always complex. Many factors influence Citric Acid production Must apply optimization to maximize the yield and profit Common method used RSM Lack usage of ANN Comparisons between RSM and ANN No available research used ANN to optimize Citric Acid production by solid state fermentation
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. The cultures of Aspergillus niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose-containing medium to produce citric acid.
OPTIMIZATION
To optimize the process parameters maximize product increase profit Several factors influence fermentation process: 1. Medium compositions (sucrose, trace elements, simulator)
2. pH
3. Temperature 4. Agitation 5. Aeration 6. Moisture content - SSF Methods used for optimization: 1. RSM
2. ANN
3. Others (Genetic algorithm, CCD, Factorial Design)
WHAT IS RSM ?
1. Collection of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for the modeling and analysis of problems in which a response of interest is influenced by several variables and the objective is to optimize this response. 2. Normally use quadratic relationship. 3. A first-order model with two independent variables can be expressed as:
y = 0 + 1x1 + 2x2 + e
4. The approximating function with two variables is called a second-order model: y = 0 + 1x1 + 2x2 + 11x112 + 22x222 + 12x12 + e 5. Rapid and efficiently used with small amount of data, 6. The primary limitation of RSM occurs when the approximation offered by the quadratic function is inadequate.
WHAT IS ANN ?
NEURONS Computational modeling system based on the neural structure of the brain. NEURAL NETWORKS
Dendrites Axon Cell Body
Resembles human brain in two respects: 1. Learning from examples 2. Stores knowledge
Major Components: 1. Weighing factors 2. Summation function 3. Transfer function 4. Scaling and limiting 5. Output function 6. Error function and back propagated value 7. Learning function
Input Layer
Hidden Layer
Output
Layer
Applications in Engineering Field: 1. Complex and non-linear problems 2. Prediction 3. Classification 4. Data Association 5. Data conceptualization 6. Data filtering
Processing Element Major Components: 1. Weighing factors 2. Summation function 3. Transfer function 4. Scaling and limiting 5. Output function 6. Error function and back propagated value 7. Learning function
3. TYPES OF LEARNING
SUPERVISED LEARNING:
with teacher Provide correct output for every input pattern by determine and adjusting the weight to produce answer as close as possible to known correct answer .
Input
Compare Output
Does not require a correct answer associated with each input pattern in the training data set. It explores the underlying structure in the data and organize categories based on this data
HYBRID LEARNING:
Adjust Weight
RESEARCH STUDIES
Karnik et al. ,2007 A comparative study of the ANN and RSM modeling approaches for predicting burr size in drilling. Minimum absolute percentage error for ANN prediction is within range 1% - 0.14% lower than RSM which is 12% - 4.8%. Desai et al. ,2008 Comparison of ANN and RSM in fermentation media optimization: Case study of fermentative production of scleroglucan Average percentage error of ANN is 6.5 lower than RSM which is 20 Correlation coefficient of validation data for ANN is 0.98 higher than RSM which is 0.89
Kandimalla et al. 1999 Optimization of a vehicle mixture for the transdermal delivery of melatonin using ANN and RSM ANN can easily handle more than 4 input variables but for RSM, a large no. of input variables lead to a polynomial with many coefficient that involves tedious computation
Bagci and Isik, 2006 Investigation of surface roughness in turning undirectional GFRP composites by using RSM and ANN It was found that the maximum test errors were 6.30% and 6.36% by comparing roughness (Ra) values predicted from ANN model with those predicted RSM.
METHODOLOGY..
Sensitivity Analysis
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS: 1. Software = MATLAB Version 2008a MATLAB: 1. Command-line functions in M-file 2. Toolboxes : nntool, nftool, nntraintool, nprtool
nntool
nftool
nntraintool
nprtool
nctool
1. Data:
Table 2: Experimental design data using CCD with the experimental and predicted value (using RSM) of citric acid production for medum compositions optimization.
Run number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sucrose a (% w/w) 8 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 6 6 6 3 6 8 9 6 Mineral Solution b (% w/w) 12 2 12 8 8 4 4 8 4 4 12 8 8 14 8 8 8 12 8 8 Inoculum c (% w/w) 20 16 20 16 16 20 12 16 12 20 12 16 16 16 16 16 10 12 16 22 Citric acid yield (g/kg-dry EFB) Experimental 259.23 267.47 256.52 334.68 334.23 208.69 236.65 332.44 259.22 260.65 250.02 333.88 333.08 292.42 334.14 247.46 257.79 285.06 278.9 217.41 Predicted (RSM) 258.1 268.15 242.52 332.81 332.81 213.22 231.32 332.81 266.75 247.19 257.02 332.81 332.81 300.18 332.81 249.8 256.12 274.06 288.06 230.58
Table 3: Experimental design using CCD with the experimental and predicted value (using RSM) of citric acid production for process conditions optimization
Citric acid production Run Initial pH, A1
Moisture content,
B1 78 (+1) 70 (0) 58 (-2) 70 (0) 70 (0) 78 (+1) 62 (-1) 70 (0) 70 (0) 70 (0) 70 (0) 82 (+2) 70 (0) 62 (-1) 70 (0) 78 (+1) 62 (-1) 70 (0)
Incubation temperature, C1 Predicted 28 (-1) 32 (0) 32 (0) 32 (0) 32 (0) 36 (+1) 36 (+1) 32 (0) 38 (+2) 32 (0) 26 (-2) 32 (0) 32 (0) 28 (-1) 32 (0) 36 (+1) 28 (-1) 32 (0) 229.68 368.16 195.36 368.16 368.16 256.88 233.46 315.96 263.75 368.16 220.80 233.97 368.16 161.96 285.19 194.35 180.53 368.16
(g/kg-EFB) Experimental 241.30 368.61 190.26 367.42 368.40 241.24 240.86 316.42 274.33 368.14 210.05 238.90 368.81 158.10 284.53 198.38 196.32 367.91
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4 (-1) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 4 (-1) 4 (-1) 3 (-2) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 6.5 (0) 4 (-1) 10 (+2) 9 (+1) 9 (+1) 6.5 (0)
Table 4: Experimental design using CCD with the experimental and predicted value (using RSM) of citric acid production for aeration and agitation optimization.
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Building ANN
Data Collection, Processing and Analysis Determination of Number of Hidden Layers
Variations of the number of hidden neurons
Training
Model Verification
The best model is selected according to : 1. Multiple linear regression, R 2. Mean Squared Error (MSE)
Training
Experimental value of Citric Acid Production for each set of data (g/kg-EFB)
Prediction
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Linear Correlation in MATLAB (corrcoef) Correlation coefficient quantifies the strength of a linear relationship between
two variables.
The correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, where 1. Values close to 1 suggest that there is a positive linear relationship between the data columns.
2. Values close to -1 suggest that one column of data has a negative linear
relationship to another column of data (anti-correlation). 3. Values close to or equal to 0 suggest there is no linear relationship between the data columns
This command function will also give the p-value of each relationship. Each pvalue is the probability of getting a correlation as large as the observed value by random chance, when the true correlation is zero. Small p-value give better correlation (normally less than 0.05).
PART 1: EXPERIMENT
Preparation of materials, media and equipment Experimental procedure for solid state bioconversion Using optimal conditions obtained from ANN models Harvesting and extraction of citric acid
RESULTS..
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Graph of correlation coefficient value (r) for each parameters of media optimization
ANN MODEL 2
ANN MODEL
RSM
20
30
50
0.8464
0.94987
0.93218
0.985
EXPECTED RESULTS
1. ANN Models more stable 2. The value of R should be higher than the value of R obtained by RSM 3. The best model can be selected from the best model of each set of data that give highest value of R 4. The optimum value of each parameter can be obtained from the best model 5. The optimum output can be predicted using the optimum value of parameters 6. The results of ANN cab be compared with the result from RSM
CONCLUSION
1. ANN can be used to optimize fermentation process. 2. Data from existing studies were used for training ANN model. 3. ANN can be used with multiple parameters as input. 4. ANN can be retrain with different number of hidden neurons
GANTT CHART
2009 No Tasks 1 1 Revise and improve the existing preliminary ANN model. Obtain the best model for optimization Get the optimum parameters and predicted output from the first model Build ANN models for other data and perform optimization Determine the optimum parameters and predicted output from the ANN models Plan and run experiment for validation if necessary Analyse results and write final report Preparation for FYP 2 presentation November 2 3 4 1 January 2 3 4 1 February 2 3 4 1 2010 March 2 3 4 1 April 2 3 4
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