INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS

OUTLINE
Atomic Structure Electronic Materials

P-N Junction Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

ELECTRONICS
Is the study of the behaviour of electrons in vacuum(i.e. absence of air), fluids(i.e. gases and liquids) and in crystals.

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

ENERGY BAND STRUCTURE

ENERGY-BAND DIAGRAM

Insulator
Conduction Band Conduction Band

Semiconductor

Conductor
Conduction Band

Energy Gap

Energy Gap Valence Band

Valence Band

Valence Band

ENERGY-BAND DIAGRAM
Electron energy

Conduction Band

Energy Gap

Valence Band

Generation of electron-hole pairs

SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC MATERIALS There are three types 1. Insulators 2. Conductors 3. Semiconductors

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIALS

1. According to resistivity Resistivity is the primary parameter used to distinguish between these materials Insulators: Materials that have very high resistance and oppose current Examples of insulators: air, rubber, paper, teflon,glass,mica etc Conductors: Materials that have very low resistance and pass current very easily Examples of conductors: Iron, silver, copper, gold, aluminum

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIALS

Semiconductors: Materials that have properties which lie between insulators and conductors Examples are carbon, silicon, germanium (elements types), Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide (compounds types)

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIALS

Temperature effects on Semiconductor Materials Conductivity of Semiconductor Material is directly proportional to Temperature Stated differently, Semiconductor Materials(Devices) have Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Semiconductors can therefore be controlled either to Increase their resistance and behave more like insulator or Decrease their resistance and behave more like a conductor This ability to vary semiconductors resistive property makes it useful in electrical and electronics components

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIALS 2. According to energy gap Let us use Energy Band Diagram from Slides 5,6 and 7 to explain.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIALS According to Number of Valence Electrons Find out

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

SEMICONDUCTOR Semiconductors are a group of solids whose electrical properties are intermediate between conductors and insulators .

For example, the resistivity of a conductor is of the order of 10-8 m, that of an insulator is 104 m and that of a semiconductor is 10-1m

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

Semiconductors are group IV elements i.e. each has four valence electrons. They are therefore called Tetravalent Atoms The valence electrons are shared with four neighboring atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement forming covalent bonds, which maintain the crystalline solid structure.

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

Silicon crystalline structure with covalent bonds

Si Si Si

Si
Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS (Semiconductor Atoms)

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING CONCEPTS

The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that their behaviour can easily be manipulated by the addition of impurities, through a process called doping. Doping is the process of adding an impurity atom to an intrinsic semiconductor to alter its electrical conductivity What is the purpose of doping? Doping produces Extrinsic Semiconductor

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

Types of Extrinsic Semiconductor N- type Semiconductor P-type Semiconductor N- type Semiconductor is produced by using pentavalent atom(eg , phosphorus, antimony, arsenic) P-type Semiconductor is produced by using trivalent atom(eg boron, aluminium)

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS (N-TYPE)

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS(P-TYPE)

Mobile Charge Carriers And Immobile Ions

Recall the formation of P-Type material The number of holes added is equal to the number of boron atoms When the hole move away from its parent atom, the remaining atom becomes a negative ion. Unlike the mobile and free moving holes, this ion cannot take part in conduction because it is fixed in the crystal lattice. This immobile ions are shown by circled minus signs whereas the free and mobile holes are shown by uncircled plus signs.

Mobile Charge Carriers And Immobile Ions

Thermally generated electrons (minority carriers in this case) are shown by un circled minus signs. Similarly in N-Type material, the number of free and mobile electrons which are added equals the number of donor atoms Again, when an electron moves away from its parent atom, it leaves behind positive ion. This ion being fixed in the crystal structure cannot take part in conduction. These immobile ions are represented by circled plus signs whereas free and mobile electrons are represented uncircled minus signs. The thermally generated holes (minority carriers in this case) are shown by uncircled plus signs In the figure ( with without minority carriers) the minority carriers of both types have been neglected. Hence the figure does not show the small number of free electrons in the P-type material or the small number of free holes in the N-type material.

P-N JUNCTION DIODE

Formed when a pure semiconductor is doped in such a way that one half is P-Type and the other half is N-Type

P-n junction

P-N JUNCTION DIODE (THEORY)

BIASING THE DIODE

Two methods of biasing the diode Forward Biasing Reverse Biasing

P-N JUNCTION FORWARD BIAS

P-N JUNCTION REVERSE BIAS

P-N JUNCTION REVERSE BIAS

As shown in the circuit diagram, the barrier widens as Free electrons flows towards the positive terminal of the battery and Holes towards the negative terminal. Under normal circumstances, no current should flow But practically, small amount of current flows through the circuit

P-N JUNCTION REVERSE BIAS

For a high applied pd (reverse bias),a breakdown of the barrier occurs leading to a large reverse current. The breakdown occurs due to two effects Zener effect Avalanche effect

P-N JUNCTION REVERSE BIAS

Zener effect Zener breakdown occurs when the electric field in the depletion layer increases to the point where it can break covalent bonds and generate electron hole pairs. Avalanche effect This occurs when the minority carriers that cross the depletion region under the influence of the electric field, gain sufficient kinetic energy to be able to break covalent bonds in atoms with which they collide

I-V CHARACTERISTICS

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Semiconductor devices play an indispensable role in electronics Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide etc.

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
In the early days of radio and television, transmitting and receiving equipment relied on vacuum tubes, but these have been completely replaced in the last three decades by semiconductor devices, which include transistors, diodes, relays integrated circuits and other electronic components

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Diodes

Transistors

Integrated circuits

SUMMARY
*Electronics *Energy Band Concept

*Basic Semiconductor Concepts *PN junction *I-V characteristics *Semiconductors Devices

THANK YOU