Scientific Writing Proposals

Interaction effect of allopurinol with salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight) leaves infusion to blood uric acid levels of Rattus novergicus

By Nadhifa Firdausi 20080310160

MEDICAL FACULTY and HEALTH SCIENCE MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA 2011

Chapter I Introduction A. Background

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism (Putra, 2006). Hyperuricemia is high level of uric acid in the blood, more than 7,0 mg/dl in men and more than 6,0 mg/dl in women. Hyperuricemia is a primary risk factor for gout (Tehupeiroy, 2006). Allopurinol is the most common treatment used to lower blood uric acid levels. Eugenia polyantha is one of herbal treatment for gout. Ariyanti et al (2007): Optimal dose is 2,5 g/kgBW. Drug and herb interaction: increases/decreases pharmacologic effect or toxicity.

B. The formulation of problem

Can the interaction of allopurinol with E. polyantha leaves infusion influence blood uric acid levels on Rattus novergicus induced by chicken broth.

C. The purpose of research

To know the interaction effectiveness of allopurinol with E. polyantha leaves infusion to blood uric acid levels.

D. The function of research

To scientifically prove the interaction effect of allopurinol with E. polyantha leaves infusion to blood uric acid levels, so that, if proven to be effective can be further developed as an alternative treatment for gout.

E. The objectivity of research

Research by Ariyanti et al (2007) is E.polyantha leaves infusion effect in decreasing blood uric acid levels induced by potassium oxonate. Differences : allopurinol will be interact with E. polyantha leaves infusion.

Chapter II Literature Review

A. Hyperuricemia

Hyperuricemia may result from under-excretion or overproduction of uric acid (Humes, 2001). Regarding the etiology hyperuricemia can be classified as primary, secondary and idiopathic hyperuricemia (Putra, 2006).
Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor The primary metabolite of allopurinol is alloxanthine (oxypurinol)

B. Allopurinol

C. E. polyantha leaves
Consist of chemical substances such as saponin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, polifenol, alkaloid, tannin, atsiri oil (Sudarsono et al., 2002). Flavonoid inhibit xanthine oxidase decreasing blood uric acid levels (Cos, 1998). Ariyanti et al (2007) : E. polyantha leaves infusion doses 1,25 g/kgBW, 2,5 g/kgBW, and 5,0 g/kgBB can decrease blood uric acid levels. Optimal dose is 2,5 g/kgBW. Utami (2008) : Ethanol water fraction of E. polyantha leaves doses of 210 mg/kgBW and 420 mg/kgBW have effect of decreasing blood uric acid levels equivalent with allopurinol 10 mg/kgBW.

D. Drug Interaction

Drug-drug, drug-herb, drug-food, drug-other chemical substances. Caused by pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanism. Pharmacodynamic: synergistic, additive, antagonistic effects. Pharmacokinetic: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Drug and Herb Interaction Toxicity: minor, moderate, fatal Giving ngokilo (Gynura procumbens) leaves decoction along with ciprofloxacin is more effective in the treatment of UTI due to E. coli than ciprofloxacin or G. procumbens leaves decoction only.

Chapter III Research Methode A. Research design

Experimental laboratory by pre and post test controlled group design.

B. Research variables
Independent variable: E. polyantha leaves infusion dose and allopurinol dose. Dependent variable: Blood uric acid levels. Controlled variable: age, gender, body weight, strain, animal feed, cage condition, and temperature. 20 male albino rats (Rattus novergicus) strain wistar, age 2,5 months, weight 200 g.

C. Research subject

D. Research tools
Pan infusion, spuit injection, rat scale, cappilary pipe, flannelette.

E. Research materials
Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW and 10 mg/kgBW, fresh E. polyantha leaves, chicken broth powder 504 mg/kgBW, CMC-Na 0,5% and aquades.

F. Research location and time

Pharmacology laboratorium of Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta & LPPT of Gadjah Mada University Research time: may until july 2011 Hyperuricemia induction
Induced chicken broth powder 504 mg/kgBW/day 28 days
0 day 21st day

G. Way of research
Hyperuricemic rats

initial measurement of blood uric acid levels

Pre test

Test of interaction effectiveness of allopurinol with E. polyantha leaves infusion

I Hyperuricemic rats II

CMC-Na 0,5%

Allopurinol 10 mg/kgBW

III

Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW + E. polyantha leaves infusion 2,5 g/kgBW

IV

Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW + E. polyantha leaves infusion 5 g/kgBW

Treatment

22nd day-28th day

During treatment, rats still be given chicken broth Measurement of blood uric acid levels:
Initial measuremnet Induced hyperuricemia for 28 days Second measurement in 21st day (pre test)

Third measurement in 28th day (post test)

Treatment 21st day-28th day

H. Data analysis
Data normality test Normal distribution: Parametric (one way Anova). Not normal distribution: Nonparametric test.

Thank you