02-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

Internal
WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers (MAC sub-layer) The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service,
for example modulation/demodulation and

spreading/despreading, Inner - loop power control
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References
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and
Reception
TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)

TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2

TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) -
Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects

TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed
Downlink Packet Access
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Upon completion of this course, we will be able to:
Outline radio interface protocol stack architecture Describe key technology of UMTS physical layer Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures
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UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network
Iu
RNS RNS
Iu
Iur
RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNC Iub NodeB
UTRAN User Equipment

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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance
GC
C-plane signaling
Nt
DC U-plane information
UuS boundary
RRC control control
control
L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP
control control
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1
PHY
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done by multiplying with OVSF code Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
Chips after spreading
OVSF code
Scrambling code
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Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of
either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used
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Primary Scrambling Code

Primary scrambling code 0
Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Secondary scrambling code 1 Secondary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 51116
Set 1
Set 511
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
Secondary scrambling code 5111615
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Group 1 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 7 Primary scrambling code 63 8
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 6387 512 primary scrambling codes 64 primary scrambling code groups Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes
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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels:
Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the
carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and traffic channel
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and physical
layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when
they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scrambling code) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated channel
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Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
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Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Dedicated transport channel
Broadcast channel Forward access channel
(BCH) (FACH)
Paging channel
Random access channel
(PCH)
(RACH)
Common transport channel
High-speed downlink shared channel (HSDSCH)
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Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase

In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels

Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots

Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
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Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Synchronization Channel Paging Indicator Channel Acquisition Indicator Channel Common Pilot Channel (SCH) (PICH) (AICH) (CPICH)
Downlink Physical Channel
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
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Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
Random access channels Node B

PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
UE
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
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Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell SSC is chosen from a set of 16 SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips different codes of length 256, and of every time slot there are altogether 64 SSC PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each sequences correspond to 64 primary time slot scrambling code groups
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary SCH
ac p ac si,0
256 chips 2560 chips
ac p ac si,1
ac p acsi,14
Secondary SCH
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling Code Group Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 61 Group 62 Group 63 #0 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 #1 1 1 2 2 2 10 11 12 #2 2 5 1 3 16 13 12 10 #3 8 16 15 1 6 10 15 15 #4 9 7 5 8 6 11 12 13 #5 10 3 5 6 11 15 9 14 slot number #6 #7 #8 15 8 10 14 16 3 12 16 6 5 2 5 15 5 12 15 13 9 9 13 14 16 11 15 #9 16 10 11 8 1 12 14 11 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 2 7 15 7 16 5 12 14 12 10 2 16 11 15 12 4 4 6 3 7 15 12 16 11 2 14 10 11 13 16 13 16 15 12 14 14 16 11 16 10
Slot # ?
Slot #?
Slot #?
P-SCH
S-SCH
acp 16
256 chips 2560 chips
acp 6
acp 11
..
Group 2 Slot 7, 8, 9
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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Carries pre-defined sequence Fixed rate 30Ksps SF=256 Primary CPICH (P-CPICH)
Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Only one CPICH per cell Broadcast over the entire cell The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kspsCch,256,1 Carry BCH transport channel The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot Only data part STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips SCH T
PCCPCH Data
18 bits slot = 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI). Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Carry FACH and PCH SF =256 - 4 Two kinds of S-CCPCH: with or without FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should be transmitted, UE must support TFCI

Possible rates are the same as that of
same or separate S-CCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they

can be mapped to the same fame
downlink DPCH
TFCI N TFCI bits
Data N Data bits T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot N Pilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
One or several preambles: each preamble is of length 4096chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips, 16 available signatures totally 10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by higher layer
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame) Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
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PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms 5120 chips radio frame: 10 ms
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Access slot #8
Access slot #14
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PRACH Message Structure

Data N data bits
Data
Control
Pilot N Pilot bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
TFCI N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
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Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms, consists of a repeated sequence of
15 consecutive AS, each of length 40 symbols(5120 chips). Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature
P-CPICH is the phase reference of AICH
AI part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33
Unused part
a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed (CDM)
within each radio frame

Uplink DPDCH carries data generated at higher layer Uplink DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1 Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips

The spreading factor of uplink DPDCH is from 4 to 256
The spreading factor of uplink DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in
the same Layer 1 connection

Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
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Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH
Data N databits
DPCCH
Pilot Npilot bits
TFCI NTFCI bits

k
FBI NFBI bits
TPC NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

DPCH consists of dedicated data and control information
Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI (optional) The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection

Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM)
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Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

Bear HSDPA traffic data and layer2 bits mapped from the transport
channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data N Data 1 bits T slot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Slot #2
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High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme (1
bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size (6bit),HARQ process
number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), UE identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 ksps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data N Data 1bits T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: T f = 2 ms
Slot #2
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High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )

HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and
feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation of transport block CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel , Uplink , SF=256, power control
T slot = 2560 chips HARQ-ACK 2 Tslot = 5120 chips CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
Subframe #0
Subframe #i One radio frame Tf = 10 ms
Subframe #4
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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Mapping Relation Between Channels

Logical channels BCCH Transport channels BCH FACH PCCH CCCH PCH RACH FACH CTCH DCCH, DTCH FACH DCH HS-DSCH RACH, FACH Physical channels P-CCPCH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH DPDCH HS-PDSCH PRACH, S-CCPCH
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Synchronization ProcedureCell Search

Slot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell
Frame synchronization and code-group identification
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step
Scrambling-code identification
UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
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Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 t CCPCH,k St PICH PICH for k:th S #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 - CCPCH #6 #7 #8
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
k:th S - CCPCH
AICH access slo ts
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
t DPCH,n
n:th DPCH
10 ms
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Random Access Procedure

START Choose a RACH sub channel from available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI Get positive AI Choose a signature and increase preamble transmit power The counter of preamble retransmit Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power increased by Power Ramp Step Increase message part power by p -m based on preamble power Get negative AI
Send the corresponding message part
Counter> 0 & Preamble powermaximum allowed power<6 dB N Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Set physical status to be RACH message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Report the physical status to MAC
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Random Access ProcedureRACH

Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
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4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC B: select a signature C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure
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7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure Signature 8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. Exit the physical random access procedure
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Transmit diversity Mode

Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode TSTD P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH AICH applied STTD applied applied applied applied applied applied applied Closed loop mode Mode 1 applied applied Mode 2 applied
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Transmit Diversity-STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity(STTD
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 Antenna 2 Channel bits STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
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Transmit Diversity-TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel.
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #14
Antenna 1
ac ac
(Tx OFF)
ac
(Tx OFF)
ac ac
i,0 s
ac
p
i,2 s
i,14 s
(Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)
ac ac
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
i,1 s
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
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Summary
This course mainly introduces the basic concept,
key technology and procedures of WCDMA physical layer

This is very helpful for comprehension of Uu
interface features and further study
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Thank You
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02-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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02-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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Internal

WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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for example modulation/demodulation and

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transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)

(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2

Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects

Downlink Packet Access

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Upon completion of this course, we will be able to:

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UTRAN Protocol Structure

UTRAN User Equipment

Radio Interface Protocol Structure

RRC control control

L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1

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Chips after spreading

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spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1

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codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used

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Primary Scrambling Code

8192 scrambling codes

Secondary scrambling code 5111615

Primary Scrambling Code Group

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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

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(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel

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DCH is an uplink or downlink channel

Dedicated transport channel

Broadcast channel Forward access channel

Common transport channel

High-speed downlink shared channel (HSDSCH)

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(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase

code) can distinguish the channels

frame consists of 15 time slots