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Making the Most of Borehole Surveying

Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

%his Presentation &overs !!!


' (!

)hy survey ' *! &oordinate Systems ' +! ,orth -eferen"es ' .! Survey %ools ' /! 0rror Models ' 1! &orre"tion %e"hni2ues ' 3! &ommon Pitfalls

Se"tion ( )hy Survey 4


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

5on6t be in the rong pla"e at the rong time 77

)hy do e survey at all 4


' 0nsure

a safe ell path to the target ' 0nsure you hit the target ' 0nsure you don6t hit another ell ' Provide good log positions to 898 ' Provide good reserves estimates ' -eport data to the regulators ' &ondu"t :forensi"s6 investigations after ards ' Prepared for relief ell if ne"essary

Business &ase 4
' A shorter

gyro run ;(<=<<< > ' A pro?imity :shut in6 ;(<<=<<< > ' A plug ba"k sidetra"k ;( million > ' A dry ell or :5ead @one6 ;(< million > ' A deep landing ;(<< million > ' A minor "ollision blo out ;( billion > ' A maAor "ollision blo out ;(< billion >

Poor Surveying "osts Produ"tion

Poor Surveying "osts Produ"tion

Poor Surveying "osts Produ"tion

(<B produ"tion lost but e saved the "ost of a gyro 7

Ho serious is a blo out 4

Blo

out

ith no fire

Very High Pressures

Add Cire and e have disaster

Do probability E High Impa"t

In Summary

aving money on surveying is a high takes gamble hi"h= f lost= ill make you famous

Se"tion * &oordinate Systems


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

Mapping the )orld

Any ProAe"tion distorts the )orld

8erardus Mer"ator (/(*

ProAe"t from the "entre of the 0arth

Mer"ator ProAe"tion

8reenland is a"tually only (<B of the siFe of Afri"a

&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level

&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level

&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level

%he 02uator

%he &entre of the )orld

%he &entre of the )orld

%he )orlds %ime @ones

U%M @ones

U%M @ones

&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level

Se"tion + ,orth -eferen"e


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

%he )orld

%he 8reen i"h Meridian

%he 02uator

Datitude 9 Dongitude

%ransverse Mer"ator

%ransverse Mer"ator

Cor Any Point on the 0arths Surfa"e %rue ,orth is to ards the ,orth Pole

If a %M "ylinder is rapped at another longitude= Map ,orth follo s the "ylinder

So unless you6re at the "entreline of the map= %rue and 8rid 5G,6% line up

%he %rue 5ire"tion of 8rid ,orth is "alled the &G,V0-80,&0

Universal %ransverse Mer"ator

8rid &onvergen"e

8rid &onvergen"e

%he %rue 5ire"tion of Magneti" ,orth is "alled the 50&DI,A%IG,

)ith three ,orths it is easy to get "onfused

M)5 measures from Magneti" ,orth

8yros usually measure from %rue

But most surveys are finally reported in 8rid

Cor 0?ample if 5e"lination as $1 degs and &onvergen"e as >* degs

Se"tion . Survey %ools


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

M)5

M)5

Modern 8ravity and Magneti" Sensors


(1) Accelerometers use gravity field vector (0 degrees inclination reference) Several designs are available Single axis
Tor uer Exciter / pick-offs per!anent !agnet restoring coil pendulous ar! "inge

Dual axes

# (2) Magnetometers use !agnetic field vector (!agnetic $ort" reference)


T&o identical cores &it" pri!ary &inding around (in opposite directions)' Secondary coil around all' %ri!ary current produces !agnetic field in eac" core( e ual and opposite so no voltage induced in secondary &inding' )"en placed in an external !agnetic field( an unbalance occurs and a voltage is produced in t"e secondary coil( t"is is directly proportional to t"e external !agnetic field'

S
N

%ri!ary coil

N
S cores

N
Secondary coil

Photo$Me"hani"al Multishot

A Magneti" :5rop6 %ool

&ompass v Magnetometer
%he &ompass Measures Both In"lination and 5ire"tion but is less a""urate and less robust

%he Magnetometer has no moving parts but re2uires three orthogonal instruments to measure the magneti" field! A""elerometers measure In"lination from verti"al!

8yros"opi" 0ffe"ts
' A gyro

does not ant to "hange the orientation of the spin a?is! 8yros are lined up on a referen"e aFimuth and remain fa"ing that ay for aFimuth measurement do n hole!

' &onventional

8yros"opi" Prin"iples
InertiaH
hen the spinning portion of a gyros"ope I"alled a rotorJ is set in motion it ill attempt to keep its a?is of rotation "ontinuously pointing in the same dire"tion

PrecessionH
hen a for"e is applied to a spinning rotor= it ill attempt to "ompensate by rotating around an a?is that is perpendi"ular to the applied for"e

images K *<<* 0n"y"lopLdia Britanni"a= In"!

&onventional 8yro

8yros"opi" 0ffe"ts
' A gyro

for"ed to tor2ue around its M a?is hen spinning around the N a?is ill start to rotate around the @ a?is! ' %his is kno n as :Pre"ession6 and "an be used to measure rate of "hange of orientation against time! ' &ontinuous 8yro surveying integrates rate of aFimuth "hange against time to measure its "urrent dire"tion!

&ontinuous 8yro
Horizontal Earth Rotation Vector

Vertical Earth Rotation Vector

Gyro Sensor Wellbore Direction

,orth Seeking 8yros


' A ,orth

Seeking 8yro is simply a highly sensitive rate gyro hi"h measures the earths rotation and senses the dire"tion to the polar a?is! usually takes about ( E * minutes of stationary sensing so is often only used in top hole Iup to (/ degreesJ after hi"h the survey is run in "ontinuous mode!

' %his

8yros"opi" %ools

Se"tion / 0rror Models


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

A ,ormal 5istribution

A ,ormal 5istribution

A ,ormal 5istribution

A ,ormal 5istribution

Probability in t o dimensions

%he full distribution in +5

&o$varian"e determines the orientation

Standard 5eviations in +5
'*

S5s in (5 "over O/B BU%!!!!!!

' *!+P

S5s in +5 "over appro? O/B ' *!3O S5s in +5 "over appro? OP!/B

%he Magi" Cormula

%he Magi" Cormula

%he Magi" Cormula

%he Magi" Cormula

Building a detailed error model


' Cind

all error sour"es affe"ting Md= In" 9 AF ' Cind ( sd values for ea"h "oeffi"ient ' )ork out affe"ts on Md=in" and aF ' 5e"ide hether :-andom6 or :Systemati"6 ' &overt to errors in ,orth= 0ast 9 Verti"al ' Build a &o Varian"e Matri? ' )ork out 0llipse dimensions and orientation

SP0 Paper Q 131(1 by Hugh )illiamson of BP! A""ura"y Predi"tion for 5ire"tional Measurement )hile 5rilling

' Pro"esses

9 pro"edures are follo ed ' %ools are properly "alibrated ' Survey intervals no greater than (<< ft ' ,on$magneti" spa"ing as re"ommended ' Individual surveys pass R& "he"ks

Propagation of 0rrors
%he model re"ognises . modes of error propagationH

Random E un"orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t Systematic E "orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t ithin one single tool run Well-by-well E "orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t ithin an entire ell Global E al ays "orrelated= in"luding ell to ell

%he IS&)SA M)5 Model

&onvert Gbservation 0rror to Position 0rror

0ffe"t of In"lination 0rror

AFimuth 0rror only affe"ts horiFontal position

Building the &ovarian"e


' Cor ' Cor ' Cor

systemati" errors random errors ea"h error sour"e

d, S d,( > d,* > d,+ !!!!!! d, S s2rtId,(T* > d,*T* > d,+T* !!!J Add up all effe"ts in a survey station Add up all survey stations in a :leg6 Add up all legs in a survey

%he &o$Varian"e Matri?

In the ,orth 0ast Verti"al -eferen"e there may be "ovarian"es

Imagine a different set of orthogonal a?es that don6t see any "ovarian"es

-otate to a ne &ovarian"e Matri?

&ovarian"es are Fero

%he vie ing ve"tors are 0igen Ve"tors %he ellipse dimensions are 0igen Values

&ollision -isk

High &ollision -isk

Se"tion 1 &orre"tion %e"hni2ues


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

MaAor &orre"tions
'

5epth &orre"tion
%here are many sour"es of error affe"ting both drill pipe and ireline length do nhole but depth "orre"tion ill usually address the me"hani"al and thermal stret"h! %hese a""ount for the maAor depth errors and "an be as mu"h as <!*B

'

Sag &orre"tion
%his is an in"lination "orre"tion to allo for the natural bending of the BHA under its o n eight! It in"reases ith in"lination and "an be <!/ degrees or more!

'

IC- &orre"tion
%his usually refers to the lo"al "orre"tion of magneti" de"lination and is derived from an In$Cield -eferen"ing survey of the oilfield! %his "an be up to ( degree in pla"es

'

Magneti" Interferen"e
%his applies to aFimuth only and "orre"ts for the magneti" influen"e of the BHA itself! It is parti"ularly important hen using short non$mag "ollars!

/ Sour"es of 5epth 0rror


'Me"hani"al

Stret"h 'Survey -esolution '%ool Misalignment '%emperature 0ffe"ts 'BHA 5efle"tion ISagJ

Me"hani"al Stret"h

Survey -esolution

,ormal Minimum &urvature

%ool Misalignment

%emperature 0ffe"ts
' Steel

ill stret"h by

(!+m # (<<< # (<< degs &

Sag &orre"tion

IC- &orre"tion

%he 0arth6s Magneti" Ve"tor

A Po erful Cor"e but subAe"t to three Variations

(! Se"ular Variation
Dong slo "hanges in the earths magneti" "ore! %ypi"al SiFeH Cra"tions of a deg#year &ured ByH B88M or H58M magneti" model

*! 5iurnal Variation
-apid daily variations "aused by solar ind and earth rotation! %ypi"al SiFeH <!* degs I-andomiFedJ &ured ByH Interpolated In Cield -eferen"ing IIIC-J

+! &rustal Variation
Permanent lo"al effe"ts "aused by deep= magneti" basement ro"k %ypi"al SiFeH ( degree &ured ByH In Cield -eferen"ing Ides"ribed laterJ IC-

5e"lination is on the Move

-apidly in 8eologi"al %ime 7

5iurnal Variation

&rustal Variation

&rustal Variation

Intera"tive IC- Map

Magneti" Interferen"e
'

%he interferen"e "reated by the "ollars in the BHA "an influen"e the observed by several degrees!

' '

Short &ollar solutions only use the M and N mags to "al"ulate the aFimuth Multi Station Analysis uses the fa"t that as the BHA "hanges toolfa"e and attitude= the ba"kground magneti" field is un"hanged but interferen"e "omponents rotate ith the BHA! )e "an therefore ba"k out the interferen"e "omponents over several survey stations

Summary
' -edu"ing

error is nearly al ays possible ' Sag is usually the biggest benefit in Verti"al ' IC- is usually the biggest benefit in HoriFontal ' Short &ollar should only be used ith "aution ' MSA is only reliable in an a""urate mag field ' S& and MSA do not ork ell hen BF small ' Cor high a""ura"y ork nothing beats gyros

Se"tion 3 &ommon Pitfalls


Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary

%op (< Dist of


' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

hat "an go

rong

Units and "onversion fa"tors %V5 -eferen"ing Cailure to use sag "orre"tion Un"ertain &onne"tion to Map Misapplied &onvergen"e Gld 5e"lination Values Bad &omputer 5ata Un"hallenged Use of 8PS on rong 5atum ,ot 0nough Surveys Home made soft are

&on"lusion

If e don6t get the message out that ellbore positioning is orth spending money on= e ill "ontinue to aste reserves and o""asionally risk lives!

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