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Prof Angus Jamieson University of the Highlands and Islands Video presentation available at !uhi!a"!uk#surveying$summary
)hy survey ' *! &oordinate Systems ' +! ,orth -eferen"es ' .! Survey %ools ' /! 0rror Models ' 1! &orre"tion %e"hni2ues ' 3! &ommon Pitfalls
a safe ell path to the target ' 0nsure you hit the target ' 0nsure you don6t hit another ell ' Provide good log positions to 898 ' Provide good reserves estimates ' -eport data to the regulators ' &ondu"t :forensi"s6 investigations after ards ' Prepared for relief ell if ne"essary
Business &ase 4
' A shorter
gyro run ;(<=<<< > ' A pro?imity :shut in6 ;(<<=<<< > ' A plug ba"k sidetra"k ;( million > ' A dry ell or :5ead @one6 ;(< million > ' A deep landing ;(<< million > ' A minor "ollision blo out ;( billion > ' A maAor "ollision blo out ;(< billion >
Blo
out
ith no fire
In Summary
aving money on surveying is a high takes gamble hi"h= f lost= ill make you famous
Mer"ator ProAe"tion
&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level
&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level
&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level
%he 02uator
U%M @ones
U%M @ones
&li"k to edit Master te?t styles Se"ond level %hird level Courth level Cifth level
%he )orld
%he 02uator
Datitude 9 Dongitude
%ransverse Mer"ator
%ransverse Mer"ator
Cor Any Point on the 0arths Surfa"e %rue ,orth is to ards the ,orth Pole
So unless you6re at the "entreline of the map= %rue and 8rid 5G,6% line up
8rid &onvergen"e
8rid &onvergen"e
M)5
M)5
Dual axes
S
N
%ri!ary coil
N
S cores
N
Secondary coil
Photo$Me"hani"al Multishot
&ompass v Magnetometer
%he &ompass Measures Both In"lination and 5ire"tion but is less a""urate and less robust
%he Magnetometer has no moving parts but re2uires three orthogonal instruments to measure the magneti" field! A""elerometers measure In"lination from verti"al!
8yros"opi" 0ffe"ts
' A gyro
does not ant to "hange the orientation of the spin a?is! 8yros are lined up on a referen"e aFimuth and remain fa"ing that ay for aFimuth measurement do n hole!
' &onventional
8yros"opi" Prin"iples
InertiaH
hen the spinning portion of a gyros"ope I"alled a rotorJ is set in motion it ill attempt to keep its a?is of rotation "ontinuously pointing in the same dire"tion
PrecessionH
hen a for"e is applied to a spinning rotor= it ill attempt to "ompensate by rotating around an a?is that is perpendi"ular to the applied for"e
&onventional 8yro
8yros"opi" 0ffe"ts
' A gyro
for"ed to tor2ue around its M a?is hen spinning around the N a?is ill start to rotate around the @ a?is! ' %his is kno n as :Pre"ession6 and "an be used to measure rate of "hange of orientation against time! ' &ontinuous 8yro surveying integrates rate of aFimuth "hange against time to measure its "urrent dire"tion!
&ontinuous 8yro
Horizontal Earth Rotation Vector
Seeking 8yro is simply a highly sensitive rate gyro hi"h measures the earths rotation and senses the dire"tion to the polar a?is! usually takes about ( E * minutes of stationary sensing so is often only used in top hole Iup to (/ degreesJ after hi"h the survey is run in "ontinuous mode!
' %his
8yros"opi" %ools
A ,ormal 5istribution
A ,ormal 5istribution
A ,ormal 5istribution
A ,ormal 5istribution
Probability in t o dimensions
Standard 5eviations in +5
'*
' *!+P
S5s in +5 "over appro? O/B ' *!3O S5s in +5 "over appro? OP!/B
all error sour"es affe"ting Md= In" 9 AF ' Cind ( sd values for ea"h "oeffi"ient ' )ork out affe"ts on Md=in" and aF ' 5e"ide hether :-andom6 or :Systemati"6 ' &overt to errors in ,orth= 0ast 9 Verti"al ' Build a &o Varian"e Matri? ' )ork out 0llipse dimensions and orientation
SP0 Paper Q 131(1 by Hugh )illiamson of BP! A""ura"y Predi"tion for 5ire"tional Measurement )hile 5rilling
' Pro"esses
9 pro"edures are follo ed ' %ools are properly "alibrated ' Survey intervals no greater than (<< ft ' ,on$magneti" spa"ing as re"ommended ' Individual surveys pass R& "he"ks
Propagation of 0rrors
%he model re"ognises . modes of error propagationH
Random E un"orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t Systematic E "orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t ithin one single tool run Well-by-well E "orrelated from one measurement to the ne?t ithin an entire ell Global E al ays "orrelated= in"luding ell to ell
d, S d,( > d,* > d,+ !!!!!! d, S s2rtId,(T* > d,*T* > d,+T* !!!J Add up all effe"ts in a survey station Add up all survey stations in a :leg6 Add up all legs in a survey
Imagine a different set of orthogonal a?es that don6t see any "ovarian"es
%he vie ing ve"tors are 0igen Ve"tors %he ellipse dimensions are 0igen Values
&ollision -isk
MaAor &orre"tions
'
5epth &orre"tion
%here are many sour"es of error affe"ting both drill pipe and ireline length do nhole but depth "orre"tion ill usually address the me"hani"al and thermal stret"h! %hese a""ount for the maAor depth errors and "an be as mu"h as <!*B
'
Sag &orre"tion
%his is an in"lination "orre"tion to allo for the natural bending of the BHA under its o n eight! It in"reases ith in"lination and "an be <!/ degrees or more!
'
IC- &orre"tion
%his usually refers to the lo"al "orre"tion of magneti" de"lination and is derived from an In$Cield -eferen"ing survey of the oilfield! %his "an be up to ( degree in pla"es
'
Magneti" Interferen"e
%his applies to aFimuth only and "orre"ts for the magneti" influen"e of the BHA itself! It is parti"ularly important hen using short non$mag "ollars!
Stret"h 'Survey -esolution '%ool Misalignment '%emperature 0ffe"ts 'BHA 5efle"tion ISagJ
Me"hani"al Stret"h
Survey -esolution
%ool Misalignment
%emperature 0ffe"ts
' Steel
ill stret"h by
Sag &orre"tion
IC- &orre"tion
(! Se"ular Variation
Dong slo "hanges in the earths magneti" "ore! %ypi"al SiFeH Cra"tions of a deg#year &ured ByH B88M or H58M magneti" model
*! 5iurnal Variation
-apid daily variations "aused by solar ind and earth rotation! %ypi"al SiFeH <!* degs I-andomiFedJ &ured ByH Interpolated In Cield -eferen"ing IIIC-J
+! &rustal Variation
Permanent lo"al effe"ts "aused by deep= magneti" basement ro"k %ypi"al SiFeH ( degree &ured ByH In Cield -eferen"ing Ides"ribed laterJ IC-
5iurnal Variation
&rustal Variation
&rustal Variation
Magneti" Interferen"e
'
%he interferen"e "reated by the "ollars in the BHA "an influen"e the observed by several degrees!
' '
Short &ollar solutions only use the M and N mags to "al"ulate the aFimuth Multi Station Analysis uses the fa"t that as the BHA "hanges toolfa"e and attitude= the ba"kground magneti" field is un"hanged but interferen"e "omponents rotate ith the BHA! )e "an therefore ba"k out the interferen"e "omponents over several survey stations
Summary
' -edu"ing
error is nearly al ays possible ' Sag is usually the biggest benefit in Verti"al ' IC- is usually the biggest benefit in HoriFontal ' Short &ollar should only be used ith "aution ' MSA is only reliable in an a""urate mag field ' S& and MSA do not ork ell hen BF small ' Cor high a""ura"y ork nothing beats gyros
hat "an go
rong
Units and "onversion fa"tors %V5 -eferen"ing Cailure to use sag "orre"tion Un"ertain &onne"tion to Map Misapplied &onvergen"e Gld 5e"lination Values Bad &omputer 5ata Un"hallenged Use of 8PS on rong 5atum ,ot 0nough Surveys Home made soft are
&on"lusion
If e don6t get the message out that ellbore positioning is orth spending money on= e ill "ontinue to aste reserves and o""asionally risk lives!