CONNECTIVE TISSUE

dr. Arliek Rio Julia, MS

The Stages of The Development of CT First stage (Embryonic CT) :

1. Mesenchymal CT
Mesenchymal CT contains mesenchymal cells and intercellular substance. Mesenchymal cells - Has many cytoplasmic processus Intercellular substance - Amorph !". #illi chorialis placenta

. Mucous CT$ %elatinous CT !esenchymal cells partly converte" into fibroblast #n the #ntercell$lar s$bstance occ$r fe% collagen fiber E&. 'mbilical cor"

Secon" stage (("$lt CT) :

Jarin&an Ikat 'e(asa

J.I Se)ati

J.I d& Spesialisasi *+husus,

J.I -enun)an&

J.I lon&&ar$.oose CT

J.I -adat$dense CT

J.I Reticular

Adiposa

)ematopoeticbloo"

Irre&ular

Re&uler Tulan& +ola&en Hyalin !lastik Cartila&o

!lastik

/ibrosa

F$nctions of CT :
1. 2. -. .. 0. Support : %hich forms the frame%or* tiss$es an" organ. Defence : +hysical , #mm$nologic. Repair : stim$lates the proliferation of fibroblasts. Storage : /eserve of %ater an" electrolytes Transport : Transporting s$bstances to an" from other tiss$e

The Component :
The component o0 connecti1e tissue consists o0 Cells Intercellular$e"tracellular matri" - Fibers : Colla&en Reticular !lastic 'istin&uished by the combination o0 protein 1 Ground substance 2 It 0unctions as medium to e"chan&e nutrient and (aste product bet(een cells and blood supply

Connective Tissue Cells A. Fi&e" cell :

1. Mesenchymal cell : prec$rsor of CT cells. Some mesenchymal cell remain $n"efferentiate" 2. Fibroblasts : are pre"ominant cells in CT proper. Str$ct$rally2 fibroblast are t%o types : 3 The first type resembles mesenchymal cell. #t is terme" 0ibroblast. 3 The secon" type are less active an" terme" fibrocyte beca$se they more mat$re. -. Reticular cells They pro"$ce" retic$lar fibers that form netli*e stroma of hemopoietic2 lymphoi" an" a"ipose tiss$e. 4.Adipose cells are mesenchymal "erivatives speciali4e" for lipi" storage

5. 6an"ering cells :
are immigrant cell $s$ally from bloo" an" bone marro%. 1. Mast cells 2. Macrophage
-. Plasma cells .. Other blood-deri ed !T cells

!ast cell
The characteristics 1 Cytoplasmic &ranule *pre0orm mediator, 1 The &ranules (hich o0ten obscure the small central nucleus, contain heparin, histamin 3 eosinophilic chemotactic 0actor 0or anaphylactis *!C/-A , 1 Mast cell &ranules are metachromatic The sur0ace contains speci0ic receptor 0or I& ! a type o0 immuno&lobuline produced by plasma cell. Most o0 I& ! molecules are bound to the sur0ace o0 mast cells and blood basophils

!acrophage :
.ar&e, stellate cell deri1ed 0rom monocyte that in0iltrate CT 3 de1elop into pha&ocytes 2 'ye particles in)ected into the body are en&ul0ed 3 accumulate in cytoplasmic &ranule 2 Contains many lysosome, (hich aid in di&estin& pha&ocyted materials e& 0orei&n substance, cell debris, bacteria, neoplastic cell 3 others 3 they participate in the immune response by presentin& pha&ocytosed anti&ens to lymphocyte 2 May 0use to 0orm multinuclear &iant cell

Monoc"te-deri ed phagoc"tes2 %hich together constit$te the monon$clear phagocyte system 2 incl$"e : !acrophage : 7ymphoi" organ2 l$ng2 sero$s cavity , CT 8$pffer cell ( liver ) 9steoclast ( bone ) !icroglial cells ( C:S ) 7angerhans cells ( S*in )

+lasma cell :
"ifferentiate" from antigen3stim$late" 5 lymphocyte. The cells are large an" ovoi" %ith an eccentric n$cle$s basophilic cytoplasm %ith ab$n"ant /E/ :$cle$s : spheric
1 The characteristic 4clock 0ace5 nucleus results 0rom a lar&e, central nucleolus and lar&e heterochromatin clumps re&ularly spaced around the nuclear en1elope6s.

(verage of life spent : 1; 1 ; "ays (s the primary pro"$cers of circ$lating (b2 they are the main effector of the h$moral imm$ne response

9ther bloo"3"erive" CT cells

7e$cocytes incl$"ing :
1 7ymphocyte 1 !onocyte 1 :e$trophils 1 Eosinophils 1 5asophils They are migrate from the bloo" vessels %ith "iape"esis2 an" "o not ret$rn to the bloo" e&cept lymphocyte

F#5E/S :
(. Collagen fibers :
1 1 1 1 The bo"y<s most ab$n"ant protein 9ften form b$n"les /anging from ;20 to 10 'm in "iameter Synthesis : = #ntracell$lar steps : free polysomes attache" to the /E/ , protocollagen polypepti"es "eposite" in cisternae to form a triple helical molec$le calle" procollagen. = E&tracell$lar steps : the en4yme procollagen pepti"ase converting procollagen to tropocollagen. Ali&n tropocolla&en molecules are
0orm colla en 0ibril 3 also arran&e 0ibrils into 0ibers.

Collagen types :
There are ; collagen types2 > are important T"pe # : the most ab$n"ant an" %i"esprea"2 forms large fibers an" fiber b$n"ls. #t occ$rs in ten"ons2 ligaments2 bone2 "ermis2 organ caps$les , loose CT T"pe ## : occ$rs in a"$lt only in cartilage matri& T"pe ### : forms net%or*s of thin fibrils (retic$lar fibers) that s$rro$n" an" s$pport soft fle&ible tiss$e (a"ipocyte2 smooth m$scle cells2 nerve fibers). #t is the ma?or fiber of hematopoietic tiss$es (eg. bone marro%2 spleen) an" retic$lar laminae of epithelial basement membrane. Stain "ar*ly %ith silver salt

 T"pe #$ : is ma?or collagen of basal lamina2 it "oes not form fibers or fibrils T"pe $ : occ$rs in placental basement membranes an" bloo" vessels. T"pe % : is fo$n" in matri& s$rro$n"ing hyper 1 trophic chon"rocytes of gro%th plate cartilage in sites of bone formation T"pe #% & %# : occ$rs in association %ith type ## in cartilage

5. /etic$lar fibers :
/esemble %ith collagen fibers b$t thinner2 Consist mainly collagen type ### The fibers form "elicate net%or* instea" of b$n"l Characteristic staining : 3 #mpregnation %ith silver salt. 5eca$se the affinity for silver salt they are calle" argyrophilic 3 +(S (perio"ic aci" Shiff) ( @ ) beca$se high contain of s$gar chainsA B 1 1 C he&oses as oppose" to 1 C in collagen fibers #n smooth m$scle2 en"one$ri$m2 frame%or* of hematopoetic organ , lymphatic organ2 parenchymal organ ( eg. 7iver2 en"ocrine glan"s )

C. Elastic fibers:
consist of amorpho$s protein elastin
/ange in "iameter from ;21 1 1; 'm Synthesis : =#ntracell$lar steps: proelastin are synthe4ise" on /E/ =E&tracell$lar steps: proelastin molec$lels polymeri4e to form elastin Special stains : = Derhoeff<s stain2 = 9rcein = 6eigert<s /esorchin F$chsin !echanical properties : can stretch to 10; C Elastis is resisten to boiling2 aci"2al*ali2 $s$al protease. #t is easily hy"roli4e" by pancreatic elastase 7ocation : in arterial %alls2 the l$ng2 vocal ligament2 cartilage an" ligamenta flava of the vertebral col$mn

E/9':D S'5T(:CE :
#s a highly hi"rate" Comple& mi&t$re of glycosaminoglicans2 proteoglycans an" m$ltia"hesive glycoprotein #s colorless , transparant #t fills the space bet%een cells an" fibers #t is visco$s2 acts as both l$bricant an" a barrier to the penetration of inva"ers.

Tiss$e fl$i" :
The composition similar to bloo" plasma2 in it s content of ions an" "iff$sible s$bstance. Contains a small percentage of plasma protein of lo% molec$lar %eight that pass thro$gh the capillary %alls as a res$lt of the hy"rostatic press$re of the bloo". 5loo" bring to CT the n$trient reF$ire" by it cells an" carries %aste pro"$cts a%ay to the "eto&ifying an" e&cretory organs

("ipose tiss$e
7argest organ : 10 1 ; C on man ; 1 0C on %oman types of a"ipose tiss$e :
1 'niloc$lar (%hiteA yello% fat) 1 !$ltiloc$lar (bro%n fat)

Divi"e" into lobes an" lob$les by collagen CT septa. #n"ivi"$al cells are s$rro$n" by retic$lar fibers. !isto enesis : From mesenchymal prec$rsor Special staining : S$"an ### , 9smic aci"

Tiss$e /epair
/egeneration
/eplacement by the same *in" of cells

Fibrosis
/epair by "ense fibro$s connective tiss$e

Type of repair "etermine" by:

Type of tiss$e "amage" Severity of the in?$ry
Copyright G ;;- +earson E"$cation2 #nc. p$blishing as 5en?amin C$mmings

Slide 3.69

/egeneration of Tiss$es
Tiss$es that regenerate easily
Epithelial tiss$e Fibro$s connective tiss$e an" bone

Tiss$es that regenerate poorly

S*eletal m$scle Cartilage

Tiss$es replace" largely %ith scar tiss$e

Car"iac m$scle :ervo$s tiss$e %ithin the brain an" spinal cor"

Copyright G ;;- +earson E"$cation2 #nc. p$blishing as 5en?amin C$mmings

Slide 3.71