Electromagnetic Waves

Presented by, Pn Ruhana Ab.Rahman

SMK Pak Badol

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Electromagnetic Waves

Produced by accelerated charges moving in electric and magnetic fields.

The direction of wave is perpendicular to both fields

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Common properties
Transverse waves Show waves properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference Can travel in empty space (vacuum) Speed of light: v = c = 3 x 108 m/s

Obey wave equation , c = v= f l

They transfer energy from one place to another.

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Electromagnetic waves:

Interact with matter in four ways: Reflection:

Refraction:

Scattering:

Diffraction:

 When an electric field changes, so does the magnetic field. The changing magnetic field causes the electric field to change. When one field vibratesso does the other. RESULT-An electromagnetic wave.

Click here Animation: Interaction of vibrating charges

Electromagnetic Waves
Light, Radio, TV, Microwaves, Satellites, X-Rays

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Remember radio waves are longand gamma rays are small

Radio-TV -Microwave- Infrared - VISIBLE -Ultraviolet -X-rays - Gamma- Cosmic

 Radio waves= (Buildings to human size); Microwaves (Humans-beetles); Infrared waves (Eye of a needle); Visible waves (microscopic size)! WOW! All the rest are the size of molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei and smaller..

Electromagnetic spectrum

Waves of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves when placed in order of increasing frequency

Click here (AnimationSize of EMwaves)

RADIO WAVES INFRARED RAYS ULTRAVIOLET RAYS GAMMA RAYS

MICROWAVES

VISIBLE LIGHT

X-RAYS

You need to know the order of waves in the electro magnetic spectrum! Decreasing wavelength or increasing frequency: Real Radio Men Microwave Inevitably Infra Red Visit Visible Ugly Ultra Violete eX X rays Girlfriends Gamma

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Light Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse wave which we can filter using polarized lenses.

Polarization of Light
Unpolarized light:
Randomly oscillating charges (electric and magnetic fields)

Linear Polarization:
The alignment of the electromagnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other. For example, certain processes can separate waves with electric field oscillations in the vertical direction from those in the horizontal direction.

Light can be linearly polarized through:

Transmission, and/or Reflection and Scattering
See Holt T 70, 71

Polarization of Light via Transmission

The transmission axis of the substance is parallel to the plane of polarization of the light
Light passes through freely and brightly!

Direction of Wave Transmission Axis

Polarization of Light via Transmission

The transmission axis of the substance is perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the light
NO Light passes through As the angle between the plane of polarization for the light and the transmission axis of the substance increases from 0 to 90 degrees, amount of light passing through decreases from 100% to 0%,

Direction of Wave

Transmission Axis

RADIO WAVES
Have the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies of all the electromagnetic waves.

Television
Shorter than radio, also used to carry messages (pictures & sound) to our TV sets.
*We can sense the TV waves around us with our televisions.

Radio
Emitted by Astronomical Objects Radio Station Transmitters Detected by Ground based radio telescopes *If you turn on a radio,, it will convert the radio wave energy into sound energy.

MICROWAVES
Used in microwave ovens. Waves transfer energy to the water in the food causing them to vibrate which in turn transfers energy in the form of heat to the food.

MICROWAVES
Used by cell phones and pagers. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) Used to find the speed of an object by sending out radio waves and measuring the time it takes them to return.

MICROWAVES
Microwaveshave the shortest wavelengths and the highest frequency of the radio waves.

Microwave
Emitted by: Gas clouds collapsing into stars Microwave Ovens Radar Stations Cell Phones Detected by Microwave Telescopes Food (heated) Cell phones Radar (systems)

INFRARED RAYS
Infrared= below red Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than microwaves. You can feel the longest ones as warmth on your skin Heat lamps give off infrared waves.

Infrared
Emitted by
Sun and stars (Near) TV Remote Controls Food Warming Lights (Thermal) *Everything at room temperature or above,=HEAT

Detected by
Infrared Cameras TVs, VCRs, Your skin

VISIBLE LIGHT
. Electromagnetic waves we can see. Longest wavelength= red light Shortest wavelength= violet (purple) light

Sensing Light
Humans have two light detectors. Do you know what they are called?

Did you realize cameras and camcorders are light detectors too?

ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Carry more energy than visible light Used to kill bacteria. (Sterilization of equipment) Causes your skin to produce vitamin D (good for teeth and bones) Used to treat jaundice ( in some new born babies. Too much can cause skin cancer. Use sun block to protect against (UV rays)

Ultraviolet
Sunburn / black light
Emitted by
Tanning booths (A) The sun (A) Black light bulbs (B) UV lamps

Detected by
Space based UV detectors UV Cameras Flying insects (flies)

X- RAYS
Carry a great amount of energy Can penetrate most matter. Bones and teeth absorb x-rays. (The light part of an xray image indicates a place where the x-ray was absorbed) Too much exposure can cause cancer
(lead vest at dentist protects organs from unnecessary exposure)

Used by engineers to check for tiny cracks in structures.

The rays pass through the cracks and the cracks appear dark on film.

 Emitted by

X-ray Astronomical objects

X-ray machines CAT scan machines Older televisions Radioactive minerals Airport luggage scanners

Detected by
Space based X-ray detectors X-ray film CCD detectors

Sources of g-ray Emission

Black holes Active Galaxies Pulsars Diffuse emission Supernovae Gamma-ray bursts Unidentified

Gamma Ray
(Short electromagnetic waves but more energetic)
Emitted by
Radioactive materials Exploding nuclear weapons Gamma-ray bursts Solar flares

Detected by --Geiger counters

Gamma detectors and astronomical satellites Medical imaging detectors

GAMMA RAYS
Carry the greatest amount of energy and penetrate the most. Used in radiation treatment to kill cancer cells. Can be very harmful if not used correctly.

Basic Concepts
v = fl v = c = speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s f = frequency (Hz) l = wavelength (m) 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m

TOC

Whiteboards: Electromagnetic Spectrum 1|2|3

TOC

What is the wavelength of a 91.1 MHz radio wave? (2)

v = fl 1 MHz = 1 x 106 Hz l = v/f = (3.00 x 108 m/s)/(91.1 x 106 Hz) = 3.29 m

3.29 m

What is the frequency of a 12.2 cm microwave? (ovens use this)

v = fl f = v/l = (3.00 x 108 m/s)/(.122 m) = 2.46 x 109 Hz

2.46 x 109 Hz

What is the frequency of a 600. nm light wave?

v = fl 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m f = v/l = (3.00 x 108 m/s)/(600. x 10-9 m) = 5.00 x 1014 Hz

5.00 x 1014 Hz

MRI of the Brain

AM=Amplitude modulationwaves bounce off ionosphere can pick up stations from different cities. (535kHz-1605kHz= vibrate at 535 to 1605 thousand times/second)

FM=Frequency modulationwaves travel in a straight line & through the ionosphere--lose reception when you travel out of range. (88MHz-108MHz = vibrate at 88million to 108million times/second)