Lecture 7: INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)

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Introduction to ILS What is ILS? The Uses of ILS ILS Components How Localizer Works How Glide ath Works ILS Cate!ories "arker #eacons

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What Is ILS
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ILS is stand for Instrument Landing System$ It has %een e&istence for o'er () *ears$ #ut toda*+ it is still the most accurate approach and landing aid that is used %* the airliners$ Wh* need ILS?

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!ist"r# "$ ILS

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The first scheduled passen!er airliner to land usin! ILS was in ,-./$

The Uses "$ ILS

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To !uide the pilot durin! the approach and landin!$ 0 It is 'er* helpful when 'isi%ilit* is limited and the pilot cannot see the airport and runwa*$ To pro'ide an aircraft with a precision final approach. To help the aircraft to a runwa* touchdown point. To pro'ide an aircraft !uidance to the runwa* %oth in the horizontal and vertical planes$ To increase safet* and situational awareness$

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%li&ht 'r"$ile
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'""r (isi)ilit# Lan*in&s

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Scheduled ser'ice would %e impossi%le without a wa* to land in poor weather$

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'""r (isi)ilit# Lan*in&s

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Run+a# A,,r"ach
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Non-Instrument Runway (NI)

Precision Runway (P)

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Aiming point Touchdown zone

Threshold

Non-Precision Runway (NP)

T#,es "$ Run+a# A,,r"ach

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1.Non-Instrument Runway (NI 0 1 runwa* intended for the operation of aircraft usin! 'isual approach procedure 1 runwa* intended for the operation of aircraft usin! instrument approach procedures Non-"recision Runway (N" 1n instrument runwa* ser'ed %* 'isual aids and a non2 'isual aid pro'idin! at least lateral !uidance ade3uate for a strai!ht2in approach

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!. Instrument Runway 0 a

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a
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"recision Runway ("

#llow operations with a decision height and visi$ility corresponding to %ategory

1& or

II& or III

'recisi"n Run+a# (') .ate&"ries

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Runway 'hreshold( #e!innin! of runwa* for landin!$ 'ouchdown zone4 The first point for the aircraft shoul touch the runwa* durin! landin!$ #iming point( ser'es as a 'isual aimin! point for a landin! aircraft$

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ILS ."/,"nents

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ILS consists of )round Installations and #ir$orne *+uipments There are 3 equipments for Ground Installations, which are4
1. )round Localizer (LL, #ntenna 0 To pro'ide horizontal na'i!ation !. )round )lide path ()" #ntenna 0 To pro'ide 'ertical na'i!ation -. .ar/er 0eacons 0 To ena%le the pilot cross check the aircraft5s hei!ht$

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There are 2 equipments for #ir$orne *+uipments, which are4

1. LL, and )" antennas located on the aircraft nose. !. ILS indicator inside the coc/pit

ILS ."/,"nents
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IL S In*icat"r insi*e the c"c1,it

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Gr"un* L "cali0er Antenna

Gr"un* Gli*e 'ath Antenna

ILS In*icat"r
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Si&nal Inte&rit# %la& Indicates if instrum ent is unreliable

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2D"ts3 Each dot on the L "cali0er Gli*e,ath instrum ent represents 2 Deviation from Deviation from of deviation optim al glide path runway centre line

!"+ ILS +"r1s

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)round localizer antenna transmit 123 signal in direction opposite of runwa* to horizontally !uide aircraft to the runwa* centre line$ )round )lide "ath antenna transmit 423 signal in 'ertical direction to vertically !uide aircraft to the touchdown point$ Localizer and )lide "ath antenna located at aircraft nose receives $oth signals and sends it to ILS indicator in the coc/pit. 'hese signals activate the vertical and horizontal needles inside the ILS indicator to tell the pilot either go left5right or go up5down. 0y /eeping $oth needles centered& the pilot can guide his aircraft down to end of landing runway aligned with the runway center line and aiming the touch down.

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ILS ."/,"nents
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Marker Beacons: the height aircraft

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Glide Path: vertical guidance

Localizer: horizontal guidance

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4uesti"n 5an1s
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What is Localizer and how does it works? What is Glide Slope and how does it works? 1n 1irport with an ILS is often rated as Cat , or Cat II or Cat III$ 6&plain the definition of these$ 6&plain 7uter "arker+ "iddle "arker and Inner "arker of ILS s*stem$

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L"cali0er
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Localizer is the horizontal antenna arra* located at the opposite end of the runwa*$ Localizer operates in 123 $and $etween 167 to 111.89: .2z

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!"+ L"cali0er W"r1s

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Localizer transmit two si!nals which o'erlap at the centre$ The left side has a -) Hz modulation and the ri!ht has a ,8) Hz modulation$ The o'erlap area pro'ides the on2track si!nal$ 9or e&ample+ if an aircraft approachin! the runwa* centre line from the right& it will receive more of the 1:6 2z modulation than -)Hz modulation$ :ifference in ;epth of .odulation will energizes the vertical needle of ILS indicator$ Thus+ aircraft will %e !i'en the direction to )< L*3'.

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!"+ L"cali0er W"r1s

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L e$t

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Ri&ht

L"cali0er
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Needle indicates direction of runway. entered Needle ! orrect "lignm ent

Gli*e 'ath Antenna Arra#

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Glide ath is the 'ertical antenna located on one side of the runwa* a%out .)) m to the end of runwa*$ )lide "ath operates in 423 $and $etween -!8.1: and --: .2z

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!"+ Gli*e 'ath W"r1s

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Glide path produces two si!nals in the 'ertical plane$ The upper has a -) Hz modulation and the %ottom has a ,8) Hz modulation$ 9or e&ample+ if an aircraft approachin! the runwa* too hi!h& it will receive more of the 86 2z modulation than ,8)Hz modulation$ :ifference in ;epth of .odulation will energizes the horizontal needle of ILS indicator$ Thus+ aircraft will %e !i'en the direction to )< ;<=N.

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!"+ Gli*e 'ath W"r1s

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Gli*e 'ath
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Needle indicates above#below glide path. entered Needle ! orrect $lide path

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VOR

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Mar1er 5eac"ns
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"arker %eacons operatin! at a carrier fre3uenc* of ;8 "Hz are pro'ided$ When the transmission from a marker %eacon is recei'ed it acti'ates an indicator on the pilot<s instrument panel$ The correct hei!ht the aircraft should %e at when the si!nal is recei'ed in an aircraft$

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Mar1er 5eac"ns
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<uter mar/er
The outer marker should %e located a%out ;$= km from the threshold$ The modulation is repeated "orse2st*le dashes of a >)) Hz tone$ The cockpit indicator is a %lue lamp that flashes accordin!l* with the recei'ed audio code$ The purpose of this %eacon is to pro'ide hei!ht+ distance and e3uipment functionin! checks to aircraft on intermediate and final approach$

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Mar1er 5eac"ns
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.iddle mar/er
The middle marker should %e located so as to indicate+ in low 'isi%ilit* conditions$ Ideall* at a distance of ,)8)m from the threshold$ The cockpit indicator is an am%er lamp that flashes in accordin!l* with the recei'ed audio code$

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Mar1er 5eac"ns
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Inner mar/er The inner marker+ shall %e located so as to indicate in low 'isi%ilit* conditions$ This is t*picall* the position of an aircraft on the ILS as it reaches Cate!or* II minima$ The cockpit indicator is a white lamp that flashes in accordin!l* with the recei'ed audio code$

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ILS .ate&"ries
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There are three cate!ories of ILS the operation$ %ategory I 2 1 precision instrument approach and landin! with a decision hei!ht not lower than () m ?=)) ft@ a%o'e touchdown zone ele'ation and with either a 'isi%ilit* not less than /)) m or a runwa* 'isual ran!e not less than 88) m$ 1n aircraft e3uipped with an 6nhanced 9li!ht Aision S*stem ma*+ under certain circumstances+ continue an approach to C1T II minimums$ %ategory II 2 Cate!or* II operation4 1 precision instrument approach and landin! with a decision hei!ht lower than () m ?=)) ft@ a%o'e touchdown zone ele'ation %ut not lower than .) m ?,)) ft@+ and a runwa* 'isual ran!e not less than .8) m$

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ILS .ate&"ries

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%ategory III is further su%di'ided 0 %ategory III # 2 1 precision instrument approach and landin! with4 a@ a decision hei!ht lower than .) m ?,)) ft@ a%o'e touchdown zone ele'ation+ or no decision hei!htB and %@ a runwa* 'isual ran!e not less than =)) m$ 0 %ategory III 0 2 1 precision instrument approach and landin! with4 a@ a decision hei!ht lower than ,8 m ?8) ft@ a%o'e touchdown zone ele'ation+ or no decision hei!htB and %@ a runwa* 'isual ran!e less than =)) m %ut not less than 8) m$ 0 %ategory III % 2 1 precision instrument approach and landin! with no decision hei!ht and no runwa* 'isual ran!e limitations$ 1 Cate!or* III C s*stem is capa%le of usin! an aircraft<s autopilot to land the aircraft and can also pro'ide !uidance alon! the runwa*$

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A*6anta&es "$ ILS

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The most accurate approach and landing aid that is used %* the airliners$

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Disa*6anta&es "$ ILS

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Interference due to lar!e reflectin! o%Cects+ other 'ehicles or mo'in! o%Cects$ This interference can reduce the stren!th of the directional si!nals$

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ILS 'r"tecte* Area

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ILS Critical 1rea2 1ircraft and Aehicles are e&cluded durin! all ILS operations$ ILS Sensiti'e 1rea

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