Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2-1
2-2
2.1. Introduction
2-3
Introduction
1. The master gland controls three other endocrine glands 2. Better to think of the pituitary gland as the relay center 3. Its function covers both endocrine target glands and nonendocrine target glands
2-4
2.2. Morphology
2-5
17-6
2-7
2-10
2-11
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
3
System 6 venous outflow 4
Posterior pituitary
2-12
Check Point Questions-A. Besides hormones, give another way for intercellular communication. B. Give an example of a hormone. Why does your example qualify as a hormone? (hint: definition of hormone) C. Give an example of a hypothalamic hormone. D. What is the target tissue of a hypothalamic hormone secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? 2-14
2-15
2-16
Oxytocin
labor contractions, lactation (milk ejection) possible role in
sperm transport . . . emotional bonding
2-17
2-19
Tropic (trophic) hormones-- target other endocrine glands to release their own hormones; which ones above? (Fig. x)
2-20
2.
1.
3.
2-21
1. 2 peptide subunits alpha + beta 2. The three glycoprotein hormones and hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin; a placental hormone) all share the same alpha subunit. Fig. 2.3 3. Both subunits need to be present to be functional. 4. Beta subunits are encoded in separate genes located on different chromosomes.
2-23
2-24
Growth hormone and prolactin (Fig. 2.4) 1. Growth hormone (GH) is required for proper adult stature.
Species specificity: primates for primate GH Metabolic effects
2-25
(lactogen)
2-26
P. convertases
1.
2.
3.
2-29
2-30
2. Disorders:
Genetic absence of Pit-1 results in failure of the somatotropes, lactotropes, and thyrotropes to develop Absence of prop-1 results in deficiencies of these three hormones as well as deficiencies in gonadotropin production
2-31
2-32
Hypophysiotropic hormones
2-34
Hypophysiotropic hormones
1. Hypophysiotropic hormones (Neuro-secretions) into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system 2. Include TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone), GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) etc. (Table 2.2 Important) 3. These hormones are clustered in discrete hypothalamic nuclei (Fig. 2.7)
2-35
2-36
2-37
2-38
Control of GH secretion
1. By both Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH; from arcuate nuclei mainly); its gene is expressed in the GI tract and the pancreas 2. and by somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract and the pancreas 3. Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via GHRH
Ghrelin is also synthesized in the stomach and is thought to signal feeding behavior
2-40
2-42
2. Many factors impact neurons that secrete hypophysiotropic hormones internal and external environment 3. (Action Mechanism on pituitary hormones) all appear to act through G-protein
2-43
2-44
1. Interplay of the following two: Stimulatory effects of releasing hormones Inhibitory effects of target gland hormone Fig. 2.8
2-45
2-46
2-47
2-48
2-50
Oxytocin
labor contractions, lactation (milk ejection) Through a single class of G-protein through the inositol trisphosphate/diaclglycerol
2-51
2-52
FIGURE 2.10
2-53
2-54