PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

Center for Nanoscience and Technology

NAST-623: Biology for Nanotechnology

By,

P. Sivakumar & Sanjay kumar

M. Tech IInd Sem. (NAST)
Submitted to,

Dr. s. kannan

CELL DIVISION

INTRODUCTION
Cell division and reproduction can occur in two ways - Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis takes the cell and makes it two (diploid)

Meiosis has to do with sex

From the cells point of view: Mitosis results in Identical Twins Meiosis results in Egg and Sperm (Haploid)

Mitosis
A process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Interphase occurs just before Mitosis begins:

DNA is replicated along with organelles and other cellular components and the cell prepares for division.

Mitosis Interphase
Animal cell Plant cell

First Step
Prophase (Preparation Phase)

The DNA recoils, and the chromosomes condense; the nuclear membrane disappears, and the mitotic spindles begin to form.

Mitotic Prophase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Second Step
Metaphase (Organizational Phase)
The chromosomes line up the middle of the cell with the help of spindle fibers attached to the centromere of each replicated chromosome.

Mitotic Metaphase
Animal cell Plant cell

Third Step
Anaphase (Separation Phase)
The chromosomes split in the middle and the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

Mitotic Anaphase
Animal cell

Plant cell

Fourth Step
Telophase
The chromosomes, along with the cytoplasm and its organelles and membranes are divided into 2 portions. This diagram shows the end of telophase.

Mitotic Telophase
Animal cell Plant cell

After Mitosis: Cytokinesis

The actual splitting of the daughter cells into two separate cells is called cytokinesis and occurs differently in both plant and animal Cells.
Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:

Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:

 Meiosis, on the other hand, is a division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

APPLICATIONS
Mitosis is used by single celled organisms to reproduce; it is also used for the organic growth of tissues, fibers, and membranes. Meiosis is useful for sexual reproduction of organisms. The male and female sex cells, e.g. the spermatozoa and egg, fuse to create a new, singular biological organism.