Phasor diagram of ideal transformer on load condition

Impedance Transformation through a Transformer

Ip Is

Impedance of the load: ZL = Vs/Is

Vp

Vs

ZL

The impedance of the primary circuit: ZL = Vp/Ip = (aVs)/(Is /a) = a2 (Vs / Is ) = a 2 ZL

Ip Vp Is

ZL Vs

Cut view of transformer

Transformer with conservator and breather

Core type transformer

Shell type transformer

Types of transformer

Types of winding

The HV and LV windings are split into no. of sections Where HV winding lies between two LV windings In sandwich coils leakage can be controlled

Practical transformer
The cores are not infinitely permeable Iron core produces eddy-current and hysteresis losses Windings have resistance The flux produced by the primary is not completely captured by the secondary .

Magnetization Current When an ac power source is connected to a transformer, a current flows in its primary circuit, even when the secondary circuit is open circuited. This current is the current required to produce flux in the ferromagnetic core and is called excitation current. Excitation current, Io consists of two components:
Magnetization current IM (current required to produce flux in the core) Core-loss current Ic (current required to make up for hysteresis and eddy current losses)

Practical transformer - on no load

What happens when an finite permeable core and an iron core having hysteresis and eddy-current losses?

core imperfections are represented by Ro and Xo in parallel with the primary winding Ro models the iron losses Xo models the permeability The current Im flowing in Xm is the magnetizing current that creates the flux m Ro = V1/Ic Xo= V1/Im Im = Io sino = Magnetizing component Ic Io coso = Active component

Leakage flux

Leakage flux: flux that goes through one of the transformer windings but not the other one Mutual flux: flux that remains in the core and links both windings

Leakage flux

winding resistances and leakage flux

Finite of the magnetic core makes a few lines of flux take to a path through the air Small portion of the total flux produced by primary links primary and completes its path through air.
The total flux produced by the primary is the sum of

the mutual and the leakage fluxes.

While the mutual flux alone takes part in the energy transfer from the primary to the secondary, the effect of the leakage flux causes additional voltage drop. This drop can be represented by a small reactance drop called the leakage reactance drop.

Practical transformer
Leakage flux results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage not to be directly proportional to the primary voltage, particularly under heavy load

This effect of the finite permeability of the magnetic core can be represented as a series inductive element. The effect of winding resistances are taken into account by way of small lumped resistances

 The primary leakage reactance xL1 = 2 fL1 ohm A similar effect takes place on the secondary side when the transformer is loaded. The secondary leakage reactance xL2 = 2 fL2 ohm

Phasor diagram of transformer on no load

Practical transformer with load

Fig. a: Ideal transformer on load Fig. b: Main flux and leakage flux in a transformer

Practical transformer with load

Phasor diagram of transformer with Resistive load

Phasor diagram of transformer with inductive load