Part I

Human population living within a limited geographical area and carrying on a common interdependent life (Lundberg, 1963) A dynamic phenomenon with an array of roles each influencing the whole structure (Nelson, 1960)

A locality group whether the term refers to a neighborhood, a town, a city or even a nation

Its essence lies in the relationships within the system Composed of people who have relationships that are systematic, interactive and interdependent

Members carry on the activities to create the we feeling or community spirit

Relationships are essential in the evolution of individual identity ( affinity to the community where you belong) leading to low to high level of reciprocity and alienation

Combination of social units and systems which perform the major social functions having locality development (Warren)
Production-distribution-consumption Socialization Social control
Members of the community pass on prevailing knowledge, social values and behavior patterns Control over behaviors of the members : the government, family, school and church may exert this influence Involves the widely prevalent social units like church, welfare agencies, kinship groups that provide avenues Moral and material support at times of need

Social participation Mutual support

Classification : Rural (familistic) and Urban (contractual) Indices ; size, density of population, occupation, environment, heterogeneity and homogeneity of culture, social differentiation and stratification, mobility and system of interaction

Conditions affecting community life

Climate Natural resources Plant and animal life Culture Social life Social interaction Social organization , social roles

Basic services needed by the community

Economy Local government Religion Education Welfare Health recreation

*** Agencies providing any of these have to explicitly define their goals, values and beliefs as these affect the kind of services each is offering to the community.

Study of the development and organization of the community and the distribution of persons and institutions in relation to the environment (Hawley, 1950)

Small population, man to land ratio is small Occupation : farming, fishing, food gathering, cottage industries Family and kinship groups More children Community activities and cooperation are common Competition and conflicts may be present

Primary group relations prevail Informal borrowing and lending of cash and material goods Offers quiet, solitude and tranquility Great breathing space Factionalism may still be present Social institutions membership small, not highly specialized Leaders are usually chosen with reference to personal qualities that conform to local system of values (Nelson, 1995)

Less mobile (slow paced) due to low density of population and homogeneity of culture Migration is selective of young people and the female gender (Bertrand, 1955) Less social classes and no extremes of wealth Social status determined by birth and personal qualities of an individual Social control : gossip , public opinion, social ostracism Social control operates through folkways and mores

Rural folks are more dependent on traditional and cultural heritage Cultural advantages are few Modern facilities are limited
70 % rural ---- nation of barrios Barrio backbone of the nation Provides urban areas with food and raw industrial materials

Barangay smallest political subdivision of the government; linked to the poblacion Autonomous local government Scanty educational services Health : malnutrition and communicable diseases common Socio-religious activity --- fiesta Problems : poverty, unemployment, weak local government, low level of education, lack of proper sanitation, lack of recreational and cultural facilities, inadequate health facilities

Capital of a country plays a dominant role primary center or city focal point of urbanization Center of administrative, commercial, financial, educational, religious and recreational functions of a nation Human ecology more complex

Concentric Circle Theory of City Zones description of city development based on zoning (Burgess, 1925) Chicago City No city is a perfect example of this pattern due to geographical setting and public works

Find large office buildings and hotels Highest land values and rents Specialty stores, banks, restaurants Greatest daily movement of people in the city Hundreds of workers and shoppers come and go

Older residential area Second highest land values but some of the lowest rents Manufacturing establishments in old dilapidated buildings Newcomers to the city or single persons living away from home Has wanderers, homeless persons and nonconformists of all sorts Immigrant groups who follow their customs Lack of unified social atmosphere Highest rate of crime, disease and social breakdown

Has more stability and emphasis on family life Fairly moderate land values and rents Duplexes and apartments Bakeries, pharmacies, cafes, hardware stores, grocery stores Low salaried workers who want to live near their place of employment Better than zone II

Fairly high land values and rent More elaborate apartment and homes Well off families Newer and better facilities Low rates of crime, disease and social disorganization

Stretches outward from the city boundaries At least one hours ride from the center of the city Small cities, towns and villages linked to the central district Land values lower than Zone IV Office workers, professionals who commute Advantage of being newer, less crowded and less expensive area Disadvantage of being far away from many facilities and conveniences

122 cities as of August 28, 2010.

Thirty-eight cities are independent: 33 are classified as "highly urbanized" and 5 as "independent component;" t 84 component cities of the provinces in which they are geographically located.

1,512 municipalities 70% rural population provincial migrants to metropolitan Manila -- population imbalance Overcrowding (squatting), increased demands for services, pollution ----- > ecological imbalance Manilas domination leads to other cities suffering. brain drain due to migration Impersonal, Secondary relationships predominate Interacting with non kin as a business alliance

Excess urban population, usually squatters for which the city has neither the resources for their welfare nor need of their labor Poverty, overcrowding, inadequate water supply closely linked to poor sanitation and poor health Communicable diseases predominate Growing increase in life style related diseases

A continuous and sustained process of

Educating people to understand and develop critical consciousness of their existing conditions Organizing them to work collectively and efficiently on their immediate and long term problems Mobilizing them to develop their capability and readiness to respond and take actions on their immediate and long term needs and problems

A process which enlists the support and active involvement of all sectors within a society that can play a role in achieving an agreed social objective , converging the interests and actions of institutions, groups and communities towards the objectives, thereby mobilizing the human and material resources to reach it and rooting it in societys and particularly communitys conscience to ensure its sustainability (Colin

Fraser)

The process of gaining mastery and power over ones community to produce change. As a social mobilizer, one is compelled to provide tools and responsibility to the community members for making decisions that affect them.
Community participation need to be built up in doing CO or SocMob

Dr. Itchons lecture on Communities Post Graduate Course on Health Education and Promotion Manual UP-CPH and DOHNCHP