Cell: 9423120583

What Is Networking?
Networking Is All About Information.

1.A Local Area Network (LAN) is a number of computers connected to each other by a cable in a single location, usually a single floor of a building or all the computers in a small company. 2.Wide Area Networks (WANs) Stated simply, wide area networks are the set of connecting links between local area networks.

A Graphical Representation Of LAN & WAN

LAN (DELHI) BANGLORE

LAN (MUMBAI)

WIDE AREA NETWORK

1.LOCAL AREA NETWORKING

Passive Components in LAN

Passive components are the components which are actually electrically passive.These components are: Cables (OFC,UTP) Information Outlets Patch Panels/Jack Panels Patch Cords Connectors and Couplers Light Interface Units (LIU)

Selection Of the Appropriate Topology

Physical Topologies of the networks are Classified according to various factors such as distance ,no.of nodes etc.The different topologies are: Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Mesh Topology

Selection of appropriate cable media for various situations

The selection of cable media depends on various factors.The Major type of cable media includes:

Twisted-pair cable: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). Coaxial cable: Thinnet and Thicknet
Fiber-optic cable

Cable Type UTP

STP

Thinnet

Thicknet

Fiber-optic

Max.Distance Max. no. of Nodes Commonly 1024 100 meters (330 feet) Fairly expensive Commonly 100 270 more than UTP meters or Thinnet (330 feet) Relatively 185 Meters 30 per segment inexpensive less (610 feet) than STP or UTP Fairly expensive 500 meters 100 per segment more than (1650 feet) Thinnet, STP, or UTP; less than fiber-optic Most expensive, 20 K.M No limit for nodes; but costs are (12.5 miles) hubs limited to dropping manufacturer's specifications

Cost Very low

UTP
UTP: UTP cable consists of a number of twisted pair with a simple plastic casing. Transmissions across copper wire tend to attenuate rapidly. However, engineers have reduced UTPs problems of radiated noise and susceptibility to EMI, and some categories to UTP are capable of speeds up to 100Mbps. UTP is available in six categories as follows Category Description
1 and 2 3 4 5 6 Voice grade; very low data rates Four-twisted pairs with three twists per foot; data rates up to10Mbps Four twisted pair; data rates up to 16Mbps Four twisted pair; data rates up to 100Mbps Four twisted pair; rates up to 155Mbps (soon to be the most popular UTP)

CONNECTORS
Generally RJ45 connectors are used on a UTP cable.The UTP connected with a RJ45 is plugged in the Information Outlet on one end and the NIC on the other end.

__ RJ45 PIN SYMBOL __| |__ ____| |____ | | | | | | | | | | | | (RJ 45 pin symbol) | 87654321 | -----------------------PIN SIGNAL 1........Output Transmit Data (+) 2........Output Transmit Data (-) 3........Input Receive Data (+) 4........Not connect 5........Not connect 6........Input Receive Data (-) 7........Not connect 8........Not connect

MOUNTING CORD OR PATCH CORD:

Mounting cord is small piece of cable, crimped on both side by a RJ45 jack. Mounting cord is used to connect the NIC card to Information outlet and Patch cord is used for connecting Patch panel to Switch or Hub.

INFORMATION OUTLET
Information outlet is passive component in which the cable is crimped on the workstation side. It comes in CAT5, Enhanced CAT5 and CAT6 i.e. Gigaspeed Category.

PATCH PANEL
Patch panel facilitates management of cables.It is used for terminating the cable on Switch or Hub Side. It is comes in CAT5 and CAT6 category.

Termination of UTP
Termination of UTP: Termination of UTP cable is done on the Information outlet side and Patch panel side by a Crimping Tool to maintain the TIA 568B system standard

FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
Fiber-optic cable transmits light signals rather than electrical signals. Each fiber has an inner core of glass or plastic that conducts light. A layer of glass that reflects the light back into the core, called cladding surrounds the inner core. A plastic sheath surrounds each fiber. The sheath can either be tight or loose.Fiber-optic cable is enormously more efficient that the other network cable media. It has much lower attenuation than copper wires, mainly because the light is not radiated out in the way that electricity is radiated from copper cables. Current fiber-optic technologies allows data rates from 100Mbps to 2Gbps.Disadvantage of fiber-optic cable is that it is very difficult to install and requires skilled manpower.

Different types Fiber-optic Cables

Single mode and Multimode OFC. These cables come in two categories viz..Indoor Fiber and outdoor Fiber. Fiber-optic cable is available in different cores viz. 4 core, 6 core, 8 core, 12 core and above.

Fiber-optic cable transmits light signals instead of electrical signals.

In Fiber-optic network generally two types of connectors are available:

SC Connector ST Connector SC Type connector This type of connector is generally for 100MHz Switch Frequency

ST CONNECTOR

This type of connector is generally for 10MHz. Switch Frequency

COUPLERS Coupler is used for connecting a connector to a connector i.e. SC connector to SC connector, SC connector to connector STII and STII connector to STII connector. SC to SC Coupler

SC to STII Coupler

STII to STII Coupler

LIU (Light Interface Unit) BOX:

It is a simple box, which protects the fiber from lightning. Fiber Cable is terminated in this box. It comes in two different fashions i.e. wall mount and Rack mount.

FIBER PATCH CORD

Fiber Patch cord is same as mounting cord or Patch cord. The type of these patch cords depends on connector types such as SC to SC, SC to STII and STII to STII patch cord. 1) SC to SC patch cord

2) SC to STII patch cord:

3) STII to STII patch cord:

Termination of Fiber-optic Cable

Termination of Fiber-optic: There are two types of Fiber Termination viz.: Epoxy and Epoxyless.

IMPLEMENTATION
Cable laying and Back bone laying
For Cable laying and Backbone Laying first the proper layout of building and proper plan or design of layout a cable has to be decided. Then the position of the of the communication rack and all workstations has to be decided.Then the actual laying of the cable into the conduct or casing starts simultaneously.Marking has to be carried out properly for identification purposes. As the cable laying completes,the crimping of cable in information outlet box is carried out by maintaining the TIA568B color coding system. Same procedure is to be carried on Patch panel side.

Link testing:
After termination is done on both sides the UTP cable link is checked by a UTP cable tester and the fiber cable link by passing light from one end.

Connectivity:
After testing the cable link, the cable is connected to the NIC card of PC and another end to the Switch or hubs. Installation of the respective software is carried out and the PC is connected to the Server.

Active Components in LAN

Active components are the components which are actually electrically active.These components are: Hubs Switches Transceivers (i.e.converters) LAN Cards Bridges Repeaters

HUBS AND SWITCHES

With the increasing density of LANs in the late 80s and early 90s, hubs were introduced to concentrate Thinnet and 10BaseT networks in the wiring closet. Traditional hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model and perform the same functions as basic repeaters. Layer-2 switching is hardware based, which means it uses the MAC address from the hosts NIC cards to filter the network. Switches use Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASCII) to build and maintain filter tables. It is OK to think of a layer-2 switch as a multiport bridge. Layer-2 switches are fast because they do not look at the Network layer header information, looking instead at the frames hardware addresses before deciding to either forward the frame or drop it. Layer-2 switching provides the following:

Hardware-based bridging (MAC) Wire speed

2.WIDE AREA NETWORKING

Types of Active Components in WAN

Routers Brouters Leased line Modems ISDN/PSTN Modems

Selecting WAN Connecting Services

WANs originated to solve the problem of connecting a LAN to a distant workstation or another remote LAN where the distance exceeds cable media specifications or when physical cable connections are not possible. WANs can use various telecommunication service for their connections. WAN can be Dial-up and/or Lease lines. Dial-up versus Leased lines The PSTN offers two types of lines for connections: With dial-up lines, the subscriber pays for what is used. There is no dedicated path. With lease lines, the subscriber receives dedicated bandwidth, guaranteed by the provider. Use leased lines for data and voice where traffic flows are constant between point-to-point locations, and/or to Internet to have dedicated access to Internet Use ISDN for on-demand access to remote offices and for backup for another link type.

 ISDN is an upgrade to the old telephone network. ISDN was created to be a dial-up service rather than a dedicated line. Two type of ISDN are commonly in use today: Basic Rate ISDN (BRI) (also called 2B+ D) consists of three channels: two for data at 64KB each called B channels and 16 KB channel used for signaling and management called a D channel. BRI has speed up to 128 Kbps. Primary Rate ISDN (PRI) uses the entire bandwidth of a T1(23 channels, with the twenty-fourth as the D channel) It has speed up to 1.544 Mbps.

ISDN: (Integrated Services Digital Network)

Network Termination Device 1 (NT1)

The NT1 is a simple device that serves as an interface between the ISDN BRI line and your other ISDN equipment. It converts the physical wiring interface delivered by Pacific Bell to the wiring interface needed by your ISDN equipment, and also provides a testing point for troubleshooting. Many ISDN terminal adapters and some ISDN routers (see below) have the NT1 function built-in. This makes for an easier installation and also reduces the total cost of your ISDN setup. However, a separate NT1 is more flexible in that it can support multiple ISDN devices.

Terminal Adapters (TA)

These devices perform a function similar to a standard modem and convert the data stream from your computer into the ISDN data format. They provide a simple interface capable of supporting a single computer. Terminal adapters increasingly incorporate the NT1 function. With the growing popularity of ISDN, prices continue to drop. There are two types of ISDN TAs: internal and external. External TAs are stand-alone devices that connect through a COM port on the back of your computer. Internal ISDN adapters are I SA cards that you install inside your computer.

ROUTER Router use logical and physical addressing to connect two or more logically separate networks. They accomplish this connection by organizing a large network into smaller subnetworks is given a logical address. Routers use a route-discovery algorithm to determine possible through the internetwork. Routers are a combination of both hardware and software consists of the physical interfaces to the network in an internetwork.Router works at the Network layer of the IOS reference model.

Leased Line Modems

64-128 Kbps 2 Mbps

Types of Passive Components in WAN

Router Cables
Dish Antennas

A Typical WAN

Thank You

. For Staying Through