Optical Networks

2008

Topics
Optical Links
Light Sources, Detectors and Receivers Optical Fiber Channel Optical Amplifiers

Digital Optical Communications

Time and Wavelength Multiplexing Optical Cross-Connects (OXC)

Optical Networks
First Generation Optical Networks and SONET Second Generation Optical Networks

Multi Protocol Lambda Switching DWDM optoelectrical metro network

Review of Optics

What is a monochromatic wave Polarization of light Interaction between Light and Matter
Total Internal Reflection and Absorption

Diffraction Interference

Light Sources
LED -- Light emitter diodes Laser diodes Single mode laser diodes

Detectors and Receivers

Solid state detectors PIN diode Circuit noise and signal to noise ratio in a receiver Direct detection and bit error rate Avalanche photodiodes (APD)

Detectors and Receivers (cont.)

Optical Fiber Channel (1)

Total internal reflection in a optical fiber Telecommunications industry uses two windows: 1310 & 1550 nm 1550 window is preferred for long-haul applications (Less attenuation, Wider window, Optical amplifiers)

Optical Fiber Channel (2)

Multimode fibers and their limitations

Optical Fiber Channel (3)

Single mode fibers and limitations

Non-linearities in fibers Coupling light in a fiber and connecting two fibers

Fiber Amplifiers
erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)

Topics
Optical Links
Light Sources, Detectors and Receivers Optical Fiber Channel Optical Amplifiers

Digital Optical Communications

Time and Wavelength Multiplexing Optical Cross-Connects (OXC)

Optical Networks
First Generation Optical Networks and SONET Second Generation Optical Networks

Multi Protocol Lambda Switching DWDM optoelectrical metro network

Digital Optical Communications

Signal Quantization / Coding: from analog to digital signal and vice versa Digital Modulation: Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation Multiplexing to increase the bandwidth of an optical channel Time Division Multiplexing Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) WDM vs. DWDM

Digital Optical Communications (cont)

DWDM
2.488 Gbps (1)

1310/1510 nm

2.488 Gbps (16)

1 2 3 4 5
1530-1565 nm ramge 1310/1510 nm

16

16*2.488 Gbps = 40 Gbps

16 uncorrelated wavelengths

16 stabilized, correlated wavelengts

Fiber Optics Transmission

Optical Switch
1-input 2-outoput illustration with four wavelengths
Input & Output fiber array Input Fiber Output Fiber 1 Output Fiber 2
1011

Wavelength Dispersive Element

1-D MEMS Micro-mirror Array Digital Mirror Control Electronics

1-D MEMS (micro-electromechanical system) with dispersive optics Dispersive element separates the s from inputs MEMS independently switches each Dispersive element recombines the switched s into outputs

All-Optical Switching
Optical Cross-Connects (OXC) Wavelength Routing Switches (WRS) route a channel from any I/P port to any O/P port Natively switch s while they are still multiplexed Eliminate redundant optical-electronic-optical conversions
DWDM Demux DWDM Fibers in DWDM Demux

DWDM Mux

All-optical

OXC

DWDM Fibers out DWDM Mux

Optical Add-Drop Multiplexor (OADM)

1 1 2

OADM

3 3

Wavelength () Converters (WC)

improve utilization of available wavelengths on links needed at boundaries of different networks all-optical WCs being developed greatly reduce blocking probabilities 3 3
2 2 WC

1
New request 1 3

New request 1 3

No Wavelength converters With Wavelength converters

Topics
Optical Links
Light Sources, Detectors and Receivers Optical Fiber Channel Optical Amplifiers

Digital Optical Communications

Time and Wavelength Multiplexing Optical Cross-Connects (OXC)

Optical Networks
First Generation Optical Networks and SONET Second Generation Optical Networks

Multi Protocol Lambda Switching DWDM optoelectrical metro network

Optical Networks
1 st Generation: optical fibers substitute copper as physical layer Submarine Systems SONET (synchronous optical) in TDM FDDI for LAN, Gbit Ethernet etc. 2 nd Generation: optical switching and multiplexing/ WDM broadcast-and-select networks WDM rings wavelength routing networks 3 th Generation: optical packet switching???

Big Picture
Data Center
SONET
SONET

DWD M

DWD M

SONET SONET

Access

Metro

Long Haul

Metro

Access

SONET
Encode bit streams into optical signals propagated over optical fiber Uses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) for carrying many signals of different capacities
A bit-way implementation providing end-to-end transport of bit streams All clocks in the network are locked to a common master clock Multiplexing done by byte interleaving

Practical SONET Architecture

ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer DCS Digital Crossconnect

Protection Technique Classification

Restoration techniques can protect network against: Link failures Fiber-cables cuts and line devices failures Equipment failures OXCs, ADMs, electro-optical interface. Protection can be implemented In the optical channel sublayer (path protection) In the optical multiplex sublayer (line protection) Different protection techniques are used for Ring networks Mesh networks

Path Protection / Line Protection

Normal Operation Path Switching: restoration is handled by the source and the destination.

Line Switching: restoration is handled by restoration is handled the nodes by adjacent the nodesto adjacent the failure. to the Span Protection: if failure. additional fiber is available. Line Protection.

Shared Protection

Normal Operation

1:N Protection

Backup fibers are used for protection of multiple links Assume independent failure and handle single failure. The capacity reserved for protection is greatly reduced.

In Case of Failure

Protection in Ring Network

(Unidirectional Path Switched Ring)

(Bidirectional Line Switched Ring)

1+1 Path Protection

Used in access rings for traffic aggregation into central office

1:1 Span and Line Protection

Used in metropolitan or long- haul rings

1:1 Line Protection

Used for interoffice rings

Protection in Mesh Networks

Network planning and survivability design Disjoint path idea: service working route and its backup route are topologically diverse. Lightpaths of a logical topology can withstand physical link failures.
Working Path

Backup Path

Trend: IP over DWDM

IP is good for routing, traffic aggregation, resiliency ATM for multi-service integration, QoS/signaling SONET for traffic grooming, monitoring, protection DWDM for capacity

IP over DWDM: Why?

IP and DWDM => Winning combination IP for route calculation, traffic aggregation, protection DWDM => Cheap bandwidth Avoid the cost of SONET/ATM equipmnt IP routers at OC-192 (10 Gbps) => Don't need SONET multiplexing Optical layer for route provisioning, protection, restoration Coordinated restoration at optical/IP level Coordinated path determination at optical/IP level

MPS = Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching

MPS

MPLS + OXC Combining MPLS traffic eng control with OXC All packets with one label are sent on one wavelength Next Hop Forwarding Label Entry (NHFLE) <Input port, > to <output port, > mapping

DWDM Summary

DWDM => Switching Bottleneck => O/O/O switches High speed routers => IP directly over DWDM Data and control plane separation => IP Control Plane Data will be circuit switched in the core IP needs to be extended to provide addressing, signaling, routing, and protection for lightpaths High-speed point-to-point Ethernet => LANWAN convergence

The Current Home Service System

The Optoelectrical Multip-Service System

Copper pair telephone line Satellite dish

Telepnone To telephone company backbone

Satellite dish

Copper pair telephone line

Internet Router To the Internet for modem connections

Satellite dish

Satellite dish

Copper pair telephone line

Coxial cable (50/75 O)

Internet RouterTo the Internet for cable modems

To telephone backbone Sigle mode Fiber cable

Coxial cable (75 O) Cable TV company

Multip-Service Company To cable TV network To the Internet To cable TV network

Why Optical Networks?

DWDM optoelectricl metro network