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An Introduction
Ashok Karri
Research Methodology
A search for knowledge A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic A systematized effort to gain new knowledge Research as an academic activity comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis; collecting organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions.
Definition
Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
Research Methodology
The search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research.
Objectives of research
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures
Objectives of research
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this objective are known as explorative or formulative studies)
Objectives of research
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive studies)
Objectives of research
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (known as diagnostic studies)
Objectives of research
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (known as hypothesis testing)
Types of Research
1. 2. 3. 4. Descriptive vs. Analytical Applied vs. Fundamental Quantitative vs. Qualitative Conceptual vs. Empirical
Research Process
Research Process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research. The process consists of closely related activities; such activities overlap continuously rather than following a strictly prescribed sequence. The steps are as follows:
Research Process
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Formulating the research problem Extensive literature survey Development of working hypothesis Preparing the research design Determining sample design Collecting the data Execution of the project Analysis of data Hypothesis-testing Generalization and Interpretation Preparation of the Report
Functions of a Hypothesis
It guides the direction of the study. It identifies facts that are relevant and those that are not. It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriate. It provides a framework for organizing the conclusions that result
Types of Sampling
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Deliberate Sampling Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Quota Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster/area Sampling Multi-stage Sampling Sequential Sampling
8. Analysis of Data
Requires that the data be necessarily condensed into manageable groups and tables for further analyses Should classify the new data into some purposeful and usable categories Coding is done at this stage Tabulation classified data are put into tables Analysis, after tabulation is based on the computation of various percentages, coefficients, etc. by applying statistics Tests of significance would be applied wherever relevant
9. Hypothesis Testing
Do the data support the hypothesis or they contrary? Chi Square test, t-test, f-test are normally used Hypothesis testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in rejecting it