FROM RONAK JAISWAL - 05 DARSHIL VAGHANI - 44

MANANK SHASTRI - 62
AKSHAY PATEL- 63

GUIDE TEACHER- KRISHNA CHAUHAN

Objectives
Upon completion of this presentation, we will be able to: Construct an experimental relay Describe how a relay works Observe basic relay functions

 A relay is defined as an electrically controlled device

that opens and closes electrical contacts, or activates and deactivates operation of other devices in the same or another electrical circuit. Two types of relay technology are available:1. Mechanical 2. Solid State.

 A relay may also be called an electromagnetic switch

Relays use a low amperage circuit to control a high

amperage circuit The low amperage circuit controls an electromagnetic device The electromagnetic device closes/opens the high amperage circuit

 Latching Relay

Coaxial Relay

Reed Relay
Mercury-wetted Relay Mercury Relay Polarized

Contactor Solid-state

Relay Machine Tool Relay Ratchet Relay Vacuum Relays

Relay Solid State Contactor Relay Buchholz Relay Forced-guided Contacts Relay Overload Protection Relay

 It is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of

contacts inside an evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the enclosing solenoid or an external magnet. Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays and require very little power from the control circuit. However, they have relatively low switching current and voltage ratings. Though rare, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which makes them stick 'on' even when no current is present; changing the orientation of the reeds with respect to the solenoid's magnetic field can resolve this problem. Sealed contacts with mercury-wetted contacts have longer operating lives and less contact chatter than any other kind of relay.

 It is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are

wetted with mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) where the mercury reduces the contact resistance and associated voltage drop, for low-current signals where surface contamination may make for a poor contact, or for high-speed applications where the mercury eliminates contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted vertically to work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are now rarely used.

 A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial

control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to normally-closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

 A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical

equipment: for example, a timer circuit with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many years relays were the standard method of controlling industrial electronic systems. A number of relays could be used together to carry out complex functions (relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on relays which energize and de-energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of ladder logic, which is commonly used in programmable logic controllers.

 Separation of AC and DC circuits Interface between electronic control circuits and

power circuits

 A relay is an electromechanical device that uses small

electrical currents and voltages to control larger electrical currents and voltages. Relays have unlimited possibilities, ranging from industrial applications to consumer electronics, such as microwave ovens and television sets.

Relay Symbol
Coil CR1-1

CR1-2
CR1

Normally open (NO) contact Contacts are open when no current flows through the coil but close as soon as the coil is energized.

Normally closed (NC) contact

Contacts are closed when no current flows through the coil but open as soon as the coil is energized.

 Coil Voltage Voltage required for switching Contact Rating How much current the relay can

handle
Normally Open (NO) or Normally Closed (NC)

Electromagnetic Relay Operation

An electromagnetic relay is a magnetic switch. It uses electromagnetism to switch contacts.

A relay will usually have only one coil but may have any number of different contacts.

Electromagnetic Relay Operation

With no current flow through the coil (coil de-energized), the armature is held away from the core by spring tension.

When the coil is energized, the electromagnetic field moves the armature causing the contact points of the relay to open or close.

 In a microwave oven, the push of a few tiny buttons on

the keypad gives commands to a microcontroller, which can produce only very small output voltages. Those small voltages turn on a relay, which is capable of controlling the large voltages and currents required to produce the heating effect that takes place. In a television, the tiny impulses from the hand-held remote unit control a relay in the power supply.

Examples of Electromechanical Relays

Homemade Relay

A relay is basically a switch that is controlled by an electromagnet. A relay Manufactured Relay is used when a large current needs to be turned on or off by a small current. Relays are used in many industrial applications as well as devices such as televisions, stereo systems etc.

All electromechanical relays have three basic parts: 1. Electromagnet consists of an iron core wrapped with turns of insulated wire 2. Armature this is the moving part of the relay. 3. Switching contacts at least one must be stationary and one fastened to the armature. This is known as a single-pole single-throw arrangement.
Armature A relay is basically a switch that is controlled by an Switching electromagnet. contacts A relay is used when a large current needs to be turned on or off by a small current. Armature Switching Relays are used in many industrial applications as contacts well as devices such as televisions, stereo systems etc.

Electromagnet Note: In the manufactured relay, the switching contacts are insulated from the armature. Our experimental relay uses the metal armature and a 8d common nail as the switching contacts.

Electromagnet

This diagram shows the basic parts of an electromechanical relay: a spring, moveable armature, electromagnet, moveable contact, and stationary contact. The spring keeps the two contacts separated until the electromagnet is energized, pulling the two contacts together.

Moveable Contact Moveable Armature

Stationary Contact Spring Electromagnet

This diagram shows how to wire an electromechanical relay. When the control circuit turns the electromagnet on, the moveable armature is drawn towards the electromagnet and connects the moveable contact and the stationary contact. This completes the circuit and delivers power to the load.

Power Supply Load Moveable Armature Moveable Contact

Stationary Contact Spring Electromagnet

To Control Circuit

 Relays are used for: Amplifying a digital signal, switching a large amount of

power with a small operating power. Some special cases are:

A telegraph relay, repeating a weak signal received at the end

of a long wire Controlling a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers, Controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile,
Detecting and isolating faults on transmission and

distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays),

Suppose, there is a need to control a solenoid valve for a water drain application. Control is to be accomplished with a microcontroller. The solenoid valve requires 120 VAC to open. Assuming that a 120 VAC power supply is available, how can control of the solenoid valve be accomplished using a microcontroller that can only supply 5 VDC? This problem is easily solved using a relay. There are many relays that are turned on and off with a 5 VDC coil. The relay provides the interface between the microcontroller and the 120 VAC power supply that is needed to open and close the valve.

Ground

To Microcontroller Coil

Relay
120 VAC Solenoid Valve

Circuit for Control of a 120 VAC Solenoid Valve

 Contacts can switch AC or DC

Low initial cost

Very low contact voltage drop, thus no heat sink is

required High resistance to voltage transients No Off-State leakage current through open contacts

 The contacts wear and thus have limited life

depending on loads Short contact life when used for rapid switching applications or high loads Poor performance when switching high inrush currents Package Size

Electromechanical relays are an excellent solution to separate electronic control circuitry and power circuitry. Electromechanical relays are not the best choice in high frequency switching applications and do have a limited life due to wear on the contacts inside the relay. When used in the a proper application, the electromechanical relay provides safe and reliable integration between power circuits and control circuits.