Wind loading and structural response Lecture 21 Dr. J.D.

Holmes

Towers, chimneys and masts

Towers, chimneys and masts

Slender structures height!width is high" #ode shape in $irst mode % non linear Higher resonant modes may &e signi$icant 'ross%wind response signi$icant $or circular cross%sections critical (elocity $or (orte) shedding *n1& $or circular sections 1+ n1& $or s,uare sections % more $re,uently occurring wind speeds than $or s,uare sections

Towers, chimneys and masts

Drag coe$$icients $or tower cross%sections

'd - 2.2

'd - 1.2

'd - 2.+

Towers, chimneys and masts

Drag coe$$icients $or tower cross%sections

'd - 1.*

'd - 1..

'd +./ smooth, high 0e"

Towers, chimneys and masts

Drag coe$$icients $or lattice tower sections

4.0

e.g. s,uare cross section with $lat%sided mem&ers wind normal to $ace"
Drag coefficient C D ( - 0 !

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.2

Australian Standards

2S'3 4%+2 5ig. /.22" 6 'D- .2 7 *.8 9 ..+

Solidity Ratio

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

- solidity o$ one $ace - area o$ mem&ers total enclosed area includes inter$erence and shielding e$$ects &etween mem&ers will &e co(ered in Lecture 21 "

Towers, chimneys and masts

2long%wind response % gust response $actor

Shear $orce 6 :ma) - :. ;, <ending moment 6 #ma) - #. ;m De$lection 6 )ma) - ). ;) The gust response $actors $or &ase &.m. and tip de$lection di$$er % &ecause o$ non%linear mode shape The gust response $actors $or &.m. and shear depend on the height o$ the load e$$ect, =1 i.e. ;, =1" and ;m =1" increase with =1

Towers, chimneys and masts

2long%wind response % e$$ecti(e static loads

160 140

Resonant
+ac%ground

'eig(t ()!

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.0 0.2 0.4

Co)*ined

,ean

0.6

0.8

1.0

"ffecti#e $ressure (%&a!

Separate e$$ecti(e static load distri&utions $or mean, &ac>ground and resonant components Lecture 11, 'hapter *"

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ross%wind response o$ slender towers 5or lattice towers % only e)citation mechanism is lateral tur&ulence 5or ?solid@ cross%sections, e)citation &y (orte) shedding is usually dominant depends on wind speed" Two models 6 i" Sinusoidal e)citation ii" 0andom e)citation Sinusoidal e)citation has generally &een applied to steel chimneys where large amplitudes and ?loc>%in@ can occur % use$ul $or diagnostic chec> o$ pea> amplitudes in codes and standards 0andom e)citation has generally &een applied to 0.'. chimneys where amplitudes o$ (i&ration are lower. 2ccurate (alues are re,uired $or design purposes. #ethod needs e)perimental data at high 0eynolds Aum&ers.

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ross%wind response o$ slender towers

Sinusoidal e)citation model 6 2ssumptions 6 sinusoidal cross%wind $orce (ariation with time $ull correlation o$ $orces o(er the height constant amplitude o$ $luctuating $orce coe$$icient

?Deterministic@ model % not random Sinusoidal e)citation leads to sinusoidal response de$lection"

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ross%wind response o$ slender towers

Sinusoidal e)citation model 6
3,uation o$ motion Bth mode"6

+ C j a + K ja = Q j t" Gja
;B is the ?generali=ed@ or e$$ecti(e mass B =" is mode shape :B t" is the ?generali=ed@ or e$$ecti(e $orce -

m =" B =" d=
2

$ =, t" B =" d=

Towers, chimneys and masts

Sinusoidal e)citation model

0epresenting the applied $orce :B t" as a sinusoidal $unction o$ time, an e)pression $or the pea> de$lection at the top o$ the structure can &e deri(ed 6 see Section 11.*.1 in &oo>"
' B =" d= y ma) h" E a ' & + B =" d= + = = h 2 & 1/C 2 ; BD BSt 2 .C Sc St 2 B =" d=
2 + h h

where B is the critical damping ratio $or the Bth mode, e,ual to

Cj 2 GjK j

n B& ns& St = = F =e " F =e "

Sc = .mD B Ea &
2

Strouhal Aum&er $or (orte) shedding =e - e$$ecti(e height 2h!1" Scruton Aum&er or mass%damping parameter" m - a(erage mass!unit height

Towers, chimneys and masts

Sinusoidal e)citation model

y ma) >.' = & . .Sc.St 2 =

This can &e simpli$ied to 6

where > is a parameter depending on mode shape

+ h +

=" d= 2 =" d= B
B

The mode shape B =" can &e ta>en as =!h" 5or uni$orm or near%uni$orm cantile(ers, can &e ta>en as 1.*G then > - 1./

Towers, chimneys and masts

0andom e)citation model Hic>ery!<asu" Section 11.*.2"

2ssumes e)citation due to (orte) shedding is a random process ?loc>%in@ &eha(iour is reproduced &y negati(e aerodynamic damping Jea> response is in(ersely proportional to the square root of the damping In its simplest $orm, pea> response can &e written as 6

M y A = b L Sc ! . " K 1 y 2 ao

yL

"K1 / 2

2 - a non dimensional parameter constant $or a particular structure $orcing terms" Nao - a non dimensional parameter associated with aerodynamic damping yL- limiting amplitude o$ (i&ration

Towers, chimneys and masts

0andom e)citation model Hic>ery!<asu"

,a4i)u) ti$ deflection 5 dia)eter

Three response regimes 6

0.10

-.oc%/in0 Regi)e 0.01 -1ransition0 Regi)e -2orced #i*ration0 Regi)e 20

0.001

10 Scruton 3u)*er

Loc> in region % response dri(en &y aerodynamic damping

Towers, chimneys and masts

Scruton Aum&er

The Scruton Aum&er or mass%damping parameter" appears in pea> response calculated &y &oth the sinusoidal and random e)citation models

Sc =

.mD Ea &2 mD Ea & 2

Sometimes a mass%damping parameter is used - Sc !. - Na -

'learly the lower the Sc, the higher the (alue o$ yma) ! &

either model"

Sc or Na" are o$ten used to indicate the propensity to (orte)% induced (i&ration

Towers, chimneys and masts

Scruton Aum&er and steel stac>s

Sc or Na" is o$ten used to indicate the propensity to (orte)%induced (i&ration e.g. $or a circular cylinder, Sc O 1+ or N a O +.P", usually indicates low amplitudes o$ (i&ration induced &y (orte) shedding $or circular cylinders 2merican Aational Standard on Steel Stac>s 2S#3 STS%1%1882" pro(ides criteria $or chec>ing $or (orte)%induced (i&rations, &ased on N a #itigation methods are also discussed 6 helical stra>es, shrouds, additional damping mass dampers, $a&ric pads, hanging chains" 2 method &ased on the random e)citation model is also pro(ided in 2S#3 STS%1%1882 2ppendi) *.'" $or calculation o$ displacements $or design purposes.

Towers, chimneys and masts

Helical stra>es
(53 0.1* (

5or mitigation o$ (orte)%shedding induced (i&ration 6

3liminates cross%wind (i&ration, &ut increases drag coe$$icient and along%wind (i&ration

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower

Concrete to6er 248 )etres (814 feet! (ig( 1a$ered cylindrical section u$ to 200 ) (656 feet! 7 16 ) dia)eter (0 )! to 12 ) dia)eter (200 )! -&od0 6it( restaurant and o*ser#ation dec%s *et6een 200 ) and 238) Steel co))unications to6er 248 to 338 )etres (814 to 1108 feet!

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower

aeroelastic )odel (15150!

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower

9 Combination of wind tunnel and theoretical modelling of tower response used 9 Effective static load distributions
9 distri*utions of )ean: *ac%ground and resonant 6ind loads deri#ed (Lecture 13)

9 Wind-tunnel test results used to calibrate computer model

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower

;ind tunnel )odel scaling 7 9 Length ratio Lr ! 1"1#$ 9 %ensit& ratio r ! 1 9 'elocit& ratio 'r ! 1"3

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower Deri#ed ratios to design )odel 7

9 (ending stiffness ratio E)r ! r 'r* Lr+ 9 ,-ial stiffness ratio E,r ! r 'r* Lr* 9 .se stepped aluminium allo& spine to model stiffness of main shaft and legs

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower

;ind/tunnel AS11<0.2 ,acau +uilding Code

,ean #elocity $rofile 7

/ull-scale 0eight (m)
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.0

0.5

'm "'*+$

1.0

1.5

Towers, chimneys and masts

'ase study 6 #acau Tower 1ur*ulence intensity $rofile 7

;ind/tunnel M AC AU T O W E R - T u rb u le n c e AS11<0.2 In te,acau n s ity +uilding P ro file Code 350 300

/ull-scale 0eight (m)

250 200 150 100 50 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Iu

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower

;ind tunnel test results / along/6ind *.). (,3.)! at 85.5 ) (280 ft.!
R.).s. M AC AU T O W E R ,ean ,a4i)u) 0 .5 % d a m p in g ,ini)u) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 /500 0

20

40

60

80

100

/ull scale mean wind speed at *#$m (m"s)

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower

;ind tunnel test results / cross/6ind *.).(,3.)! at 85.5 ) (280 ft.!
R.).s. M AC A U 2000 1500 1000 500 0 /500 0 /1000 /1500 /2000

T O W E R ,ean ,a4i)u) 0 .5 % d a m p in g ,ini)u)

20

40

60

80

100

/ull scale mean wind speed at *#$m (m"s)

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower

9 9 ,long-wind response was dominant Cross-wind vorte- shedding e-citation not strong because of comple- pod geometr& near the top 9 ,long- and cross-wind have similar fluctuating components about e1ual2 but total along-wind response includes mean component

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower 2long wind response 6
9 ,t each level on the structure define e1uivalent wind loads for 3 = )ean 6ind $ressure = *ac%ground (>uasi/static! fluctuating 6ind $ressure = resonant (inertial! loads 9 4hese components all have different distributions 9 Combine three components of load distributions for bending moments at various levels on tower

9 Computer model calibrated against wind-tunnel results

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower

Design gra$(s

crac5ed concrete #6 damping

,ean ,long-wind bending moment at *$$ metres (789m) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 /ull scale mean wind speed at *#$m (m"s) ,a4i)u)

Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower

Design gra$(s
7acau 4ower Effective static loads (s!$ m)
. m ean ! #: ;m"s< #6 damping

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 Load (58"m) 200

,ean +ac%ground Resonant Co)*ined

0eight (m)

3nd o$ Lecture 21
John Holmes
22*%.+*%14P8 JHolmesQlsu.edu