Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
6
of a process to produce perfect work.
•The higher the sigma level, the lower the defect rate.
•
•The lower the defect rate, the higher the quality.
The Six Sigma Evolutionary Timeline
1818: Gauss uses the normal curve 1924: Walter A. Shewhart introduces
to explore the mathematics of error the control chart and the distinction of
analysis for measurement, probability special vs. common cause variation as
analysis, and hypothesis testing. contributors to process problems.
6
•
•Also, it provides a common basis for benchmarking
(competitors and non-competitors).
•
•
is performing.
6
•The higher the sigma level, the better your operation
Traditional Costs
•
•Real but Overlooked
6
•Long Cycle Time
Inspection
•Cost of Capital
Overtime
•Redundant Processes
Defects
Idle Time
Rework
6 •Expediting Costs
•Lost Sales
•Missed Deadlines
•Excessive Planning
•Inaccurate Reports
•
Big Question???
lIs it a Goal, a Measure, a Process, or a Tool?
•l
6
l
lYes
•
6
Customer Focused
•Quality •OTD
Importance to Customers
High
•Training
Moderate-
•Price
•Complaints to-’Low’
ᵟ
(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5σ )
σσ PPM
PPM
2 3
08,5
37
3 6 68
6
, 07
4 6,2
10
5 2
33
6 3.4
Process
Process Defects
Defectsper
perMillion
Million
Capability
Capability Opportunities
Opportunities
Possible applications
6
•
•Customer Service: measure the number of calls answered
on the first ring.
•
6
•Order Fulfillment: eliminate Customer returns because of
incorrect parts or product being shipped.
•
•Finance: reduce the instances of accounts being paid
after a specified time limit has elapsed.
Calculating quality
6
Mechanically .
6
DMAIC
6
2.Measure key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data.
tools
6
4.Improve or optimize the process based upon data analysis using various
5.Control to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before
they result in defects.
Tools used for dmaic
approach
define
measure
1.Stakeholders analysis
2.VOC 1.FMEA
ᵟ
3.Surveys Improve 2.Pareto analysis
4.CTQ’s 3.Data collection
5.Benchmarking 4.PDSA cycle
6. 5. Run charts
7. Brainstormin
8. g
Force Field
Analysis Analysis 6
(PDSA) Cycle Control
Cause and Effect Chart Team
Brainstorming Performance FMEA
Histogram Improvement Control Plans
Pareto analysis Plan, Do, Study,
Scatter Plot Act (PDSA) Cycle
Regression Analysis Plan
FMEA analysis Team
Performance
Improvement
DMADV APPROACH
Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the
enterprise strategy.
6
Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To
Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks.
Design details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification.
This phase may require simulations.
Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process
and hand it over to the process owners.
DMADV is also known as DFSS, an abbreviation of "Design For Six
Sigma".
DMAIC DMADV
.
1.Define
customer needs
1.Defines a 2.Measure
business process customer needs
& specifications
2.Measuring
current process 3.Analyze options
to meet customer
V/S
3.Identify root satisfaction
cause of the
recurring problem 4.Model is
designed to meet
4.Improvements customer needs
made to reduce
defects 5.Model put
through
5. Keep check on simulation tests
future for verification
performance
The six sigma organization.
6
time of implementation of a project.
Ø
Ø
ØThere are four “Belt” levels :-
1.Champion
6
2.Master black belt(MBB)
3.Black belt(BB)
4.Green belt(GB)
5.Yellow belt(YB)
Ø
Champion
6
functioning of six sigma teams
•Approves six sigma projects
•Removes road blocks in the path of six sigma
implementation 6
•Receives presentations
•Monitors project
•Make available necessary resources
•Sort out conflicts
Master black belts
6
§
§All duties involve implementation of Six
Sigma, including statistical analysis,
strategic 6
and policy planning
implementation, and training and mentoring
of Black Belts.
and
Black belts
6
completed an examination and been certified in its
methods;
§
§all job duties include implementation of Six Sigma
§
6
methodology throughout all levels of the business,
6
level";
§
§a Six Sigma-trained professional who does not
6
work on Six Sigma projects exclusively, but
whose duties include leading projects and
teams and implementing Six Sigma
methodology at the project level
Yellow belt
6
§The lowest level of Six Sigma expertise;
§
§applies to a professional who has a basic working
knowledge and who may manage smaller process
§
6
improvement projects,
one
15 - 20
100-5GB
20
Team
members
Principles underlying six sigma
•Variability is necessary.
•Total variability is the result of two types of
6
causes : chance causes and assignable
causes . chance causes cant be identified and
hence can not b e eliminated while
6
assignable causes can be identified and
immediately eliminated.
•Process means in real life can shift from the
nominal mean by 1.5 times of standard
deviation.
•Defects are randomly distributed
throughout the units, and parts and
processes are individual.
Continue…….
6
specified for the output and some variations are allowed
from the ideal measure.
These requirements are usually stated in terms of
6
USL=upper specification limit
LSL=lower specification limit
Defects are randomly distributed throughout the units
and parts and processes are individual. since measured
values follow a normal distribution with mean and
standard deviation, the process capability of the process
will be equal to mean.
Continue………….
6
•Since process mean in real life can shift from
nominal by 1.5 times the standard deviation
due to gradual drift or as a result of sudden
6
drift, defects rates in practice expected at a
different sigma levels are higher than in the
mean centered process.
•
•Measurements are the key elements
How six sigma can reduce defects?
6
•By reducing the value of
variation (standard
6
deviation).
6
•Six sigma is extracting but not
exciting
• 6
•Detraction from creativity
•
•Six sigma not for small business
Examples : GE
6
1998 Operating margin—16.7%
6
Result: $600million bonus
Example : Dabbawalas
Example : Dabbawalas
Summary
6
6