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The structure of the eye
The cornea, iris and sclera (the white part of the eye) are the
external parts of the eye and are thus visible.
The retina, lens, macula and optic nerve are inside.
Transparent parts of the eye
The transparent media of the eye transmit light to the
retina. The transparent media are listed here in order,
from the exterior to the interior:
the cornea
treatment
surgery
immobilisation of the eye before and after the operation is important
treatment of the cause of the detachment may be attempted.
Return to diseases
Squinting
(being cross-eyed)
squinting is the deviation of one of the two eyes which no longer looks in
the same direction as the other.
it is accompanied by visual disturbances.
it is a common disorder (4% of children), which generally appears before
the age of 4.
there is a significant genetic predisposition: 65% of squinting children
come from families where squinting is present.
it is a serious condition which in 65% of cases can lead to the loss of
vision in one eye – this is called amblyopia or ‘lazy eye’.
this amblyopia must be treated very early. After 4 or 5 years, there is
minimal hope of healing.
Squinting
the causes
Sometimes no cause can be identified.
It can be a knock-on effect of ocular problems such as a cataract which is an
obstacle to the visual perception.
evolution
So as not to see double, the child uses only one eye, the one that is not deviated.
The brain is stimulated only by that one eye.
If the squinting is not treated then the unused eye becomes blind.
After the age of 6 years old, vision can no longer be restored to the blind eye.
Squinting
Treatment
First stage: the wearing of special glasses to reduce the angle of
deviation
Return to diseases
Styes and
chalazions
These are diseases of the eyelids.
In our eyelids we have, in addition to skin and muscle, eyelashes and oil-producing
glands, called Meibomius glands. Meibomius glands are a specialised form of
sebaceous gland. Every hair on your body has a sebaceous gland near its base
which coats the hair with an oily substance called sebum. The Meibomius glands
don’t have hairs, instead they squeeze sebum into the tear liquid that coat your eye
to slow down its evaporation.
A chalazion: a small hard lump under the skin, not very painful.
evolution
The stye: the pus comes out by itself and the stye dries out.
The chalazion: can disappear by itself. But it can come back or get infected.
treatment
Return to diseases
Stare at the black points for 30 seconds
and then close your eyes
What do you see?
Musician or woman?
Are the lines straight or curved?
What colour are the circles?
If you cannot see a number in each of the pictures
below then you have some kind of colour blindness
and should have a checkup. (These tests only work if
you are looking at this page in colour, of course!)
Shifting gears: Afterimages of complementary colors create
apparent movement in our peripheral vision as our eyes
shift across the page.
The red squares are the same color in the
upper part and in the lower part of the "X“.
Three Streams: Apparent movement of the
streams is created by afterimages as our
eyes shift to examine the picture.
Warped Squares? There are no curved lines in
these figures. You can use a ruler to check it
out. The diagonal patterns created by the tiny
squares distort the perception of the pictures.
Checkerboard with shadow
The squares labeled A and B are the same shade of gray. The
illusion that B is lighter than A is caused by the relative contrast
of the surrounding dark squares and by the fact that our vision
compensates for the shadow of the cylinder.
There are no gray spots at the corners of
the squares.
WORD COLOUR TEST
In this test DO NOT READ the words, just say
aloud the COLOUR of each word.
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLE
GREEN BLUE ORANGE
This is a type of psycholinguistic test that poses some
difficulty because the portion of the brain that handles
language has the conflicting tasks of verbalizing the colour
of the written words while ignoring the meaning of words
representing colours.
Perpetually ascending staircase
How can the man go up all the time? Can
such a staircase be built as a real object?
Kerignard, Philippe, Meyer, Lucie. (Page consulted 30 April 2001). Illusions d’optique, [online]:
http ://www.chez.com/kerignard/optical35.htm
Medisite. (Page consulted 25 April 2001). Maladies des yeux, [online]: http://www.medisite.fr
/pathologies
BERTORELLO, Serge. (Page consulted 15 May 2001). Techniques d’astronomie, [online]: http://
serge.bertorello.free.fr
Bibliography
Cercle d'Action pour le Dépistage des Troubles visuels. (Page consulted 26 April 2001).
Amblyopie et Strabisme, [On line]: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/strabismecadet/#somm2