Essential of Computer Network

Network Types ; LAN MAN WAN Physical Topology: Bus Star Ring Mesh Cellular Logical Topology(Channel access Topology): CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA, Token Ring and polling Transmission media(TP-STP, UTP, Coax, OF, Terrestrial Microwave Link, Sat.Comm, IR Tx,Radio wave Propag.)

Essential of Computer Network

Tx Modes: Simplex, Duplex, Full Duplex Tx Types: ATM and Synchronous Mode. OSI Layer: Appln Layer, Presentation Layer N/w Layer , data link layer Phy Layer, Transport Layer etc Switching Technique: Circuit Switching, Message Switching , Packet Switching Internet working Devices: Repeater, Router, gateways, and bridges N/W services: File services,Message services, Database services,

Essential of Computer Network

N/W Management: Configuration management, Performance management Fault management, Security management etc N/W protocol: TCP/IP, IEEE 802.X N/W connectivity Hardware: Connectors,(Hub, Switches), N/W interface card, Modem etc N/W Operating System: Novel Netware, Unix Ware, Windows XP, Windows 2000, etc

Computer N/W Types

It is classified according to the geographical area over which the computer N/W can span and accordingly we have got the following classification of COMP N/W.

LAN

It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over a diameter of less than or equal 2 KM or so,. LAN can span within a building within an organization.

Features of LAN
Covers a small area such as building Suit Business organisation BW is Expensive situated in single location

Owned By company or organisation

Consist of Computers that are connected using cable

MAN
It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over around a metropolitan city e nodes connected within the city MAN= Interconnection of several LAN on a city

Features of MAN
It span over a diameter of 10 KM to 100 KM Connects two or more LANS
Owned by single or multiple organisation

Microwave or OFC is typically used as transmission media

BW is more Expensive than LAN

WAN It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over around and across the globe.

Features of WAN
Connects Compter N/W located in different countries

Owned by multiple organization

Offices are connected through Satt of under sea.

transmission media is typically hired from third party service provider

BW is much more Expensive than LAN & MAN Data rate; 1.5 mbps

TOPOLOGY

Phy Topology

Logical TOPOLOGY

 Phy Topology

P2P connection Multiple Connection: Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring, Etc

Logical Topology It means actual movement of data on the N/W. It describes the operation of the N/W It is linked with OSI data link

Logical Topology

Logical Topology provides some specific rules that controls the timings of the transmission of DATA from the N/W devices. The rules are Media access Rules (MAR)

Why we need MAR

If there is no MAR, then each N/W device can transmit the data whenever he feels to do so There will a collision of data and as aresult the message will be hold off or the message will be corrupted. MAR reduces this and control collision on the N/W

Media access control

CONTENTION

A N/W will transmit the data on first come first serve basis Contention will surely result into collision To avoid collision we have to use CSMA/CA and CSMA/CD

CONTENTION
Channel access is allowed on FCFS basis. CSMA/CD protocols not only sense the data but detects the collision and initiate retransmission In CSMA/CA protocols , collision is avoided totally, each and every N/W device on the N/W is given a time slot and whenever any device wants to transmit data it can transmit data during that allotted time slot. Example: Local Talk in apple computer.

Benefits of CONTENTION
When the traffic is low, the N/W works fast II. Software required used are very simple and produce very little over head III.Immediate control over media as long as no other N/W device has access.
I.

Disad. Of Contention

a. As the no. of N/W devices increases, the traffic increases which in turn increases collision b. As each and every N/W devices are on the same level so we can not set priority to give faster access to some device c. Acess time are not predictable d. Not suitable for heavy load N/W

Token Passing Channel Access Method

In this , there is is a special frame called TOKEN Frame, which passes from one N/W to another N/W device in a unidirectional fashion either Clockwise or anticlockwise.

Token Passing Channel Access Method

As the token passes from one device to another device , the device which wants to pass or transmit data will have to hold the token and send the data frame to the Rx. Once the Rx receives the data frame it will copy the data into its memory and release the data frame, the data frame will come back to the sender and once the sender receives it, it will release the token in the N/W again. The same procedure is repeated for for any N/W device that wants to pass or transmits the data.

Token Passing Channel Access Method

A. The device holding the token gets temporary media control . IEEE802.4 token Bus( Phy Topology) and logical Topology is token Passing and IEEE802.5 Token Ring ie Phy topology is Ring Whereas logical Topology is Token Passing.

B. A token is a short message that specifies the station currently using the N/W and the next station, which gain access to the N/W after the current station has finished using it, when a stn or device passes the token it can send message out in the N/Wand read the message already present.

Token Passing Channel Access Method

Benefit:
Token passing produces predictable load and delay

Eliminates collision totally

Ability to assign priority levels to the data transmission

Best for heavy load N/W

Disadvantages

Software reqd is rather complicated

Addition central controller for fault detection and recovery

The N/W speeds slow down with increase of load on the N/W

Token passing Vs Contention

Token passing
This system is highly deterministic Complicated software is required It can be used efficiently in automati system(bank/drug shop) Suitable for heavy load N/W

Contention
This system is highly probablistic Simple software are required Can not be used efficiently Not suitable for heavy load Ethernet and IEEE 802.3

IBM Token Ring & FDDI

Polling

In this method , one device is designated as media access administrator and it queries each of the other devices(the secondaries) to see whether they have information to transmit

Polling
Central device in the N/W holds the queries or request to each of the secondary N/W device in a predetermined fashion which is set by some protocol and then queries each of the devices whether it is interested in sending the data or not. Protocol can also limit the time of data transfer ie can set the timing limitation for data transfer by each N/W device.

Polling

Benefits:
Centralizes the channel for greater N/W control Max and Min access time and data on the channel predictable and fixed Priority can be assigned to assure faster access Allows complete use of medias capacity by eliminating collision.

Polling
Drawbacks: o Delays, when the devices are being polled ie if the N/W devices want to transmit it has to wait before the master ask him to transmit o High BW usage not possible o high Overheads

Access N/W
The Local loop refers to the comm N/W b/w the local telephone Exchange and the customers. Since this forms most pervasive part of any comm system, it is important that the local loop technology be capable of broadband delivery and the transport.

Access N/W

If every Tx of WDMA is made to transmit on a distinct wave length and each Rx uses one filter out of a set of N filters to tune in.

Access N/W
The Existing telephone N/W consisting of a pair of a pair loaded UTP upto 7 KM length of transporting analog signal with a BW of 4 KHz. By removing a loading PAD and by using sophisticated signal processing techniques, A digital subscriber line (DSL) can be created which can carry data at much rate.

Access N/W
The cable TV N/W represents the most pervasive access N/W. In Traditional analog cable N/W the cable is exactly equivalent to the TV antenna with signal of freq. upto 400-500 MHz present. Since the cable N/W are not designed for high QoS, carrying other forms of data such as POTS on them is a risky proposition

Access N/W
Hybrid Fiber coax N/W : In HFC N/W the media is coax of fiber. While the coax is used to connect the subscriber in a traditional manner, it is the op. fiber that carries the signal The analog signal are sub-carrier multiplexed on to the Optical carrier freq.

Access N/W
The BW of copper cable is greatly enhanced upto 750 MHz freq . The end user uses a cable MODEM ( With TDMA as a access Scheme) to access the BW of the Copper cable.

Other Access N/W

TDMA: In TDMA, each node sends the synchronous data ---either bitsynchronised or block based so that collision are automatically avoided.

Other Access N/W

In bit based TDMA, each node contributes a single bit , collected in round robin fashion . This method is impracticable becoz it requires all the nodes to be bit synchronized. In block- based TDMA a block of data is multiplexed on to the medium with predetermined time-gap separating it from the next block of data.

Other Access N/W

Three issue related to the the implementation of the TDMA 1. Distance Equalisation (Ranging) 2. Synchronisation b/w the Nodes 3. Optical Power control

Other Access N/W

Optical Power control:Since the nodes may transmit the packet or frames with large power variation, the Rx must have large dynamic variation, the Rx must have a large dynamic range and must be able to decision threshold quickly.

Optical Rx that implements these three characteristics are called BRUST Mode TransRx.

The Telephone over passive N/W

The system operates with bi-direction line rate of 20.48 mbps with max of 128 taping line The TDMA is frame based with 294x64 channels supporting digital Telephony

Multiple access customer N/W

It is a TDMA PON system with data rate of 8.192 Mbps. And max splitting factor of 16. It allows 20 chanells of 160 kbps one ch 2 Mbps and one ch for broadcast of 2 Mbps. Duplexer can be obtained using the scheme of WDM . The main frame is of 1 ms. Long with 10 microsecond inter frame gap. Max distance b/w nearest and farthest node is 1 KM.

SONET/SDH

Digital TDM scheme evolved as a standard signal format called SONET in N. America and SDH in other part of the world

Synchronous Optical NETwork Designed for optical transport (high bitrate) Direct mapping of lower levels into higher ones ITU version = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy different terminology but interoperable Overhead doesnt increase with rate

Shannon (Bell Labs) proved that Digital communications is always better than Analog communications Better means: More efficient use of resources (e.g. more channels on trunks) Higher voice quality (less noise, less distortion) Added features

SONET/SDH
1 byte per sample 8000 samples per second T1 = 24 conversations per trunk

SONET STS-1 frame

90 columns
framing

Each STS-1 frame is 90 columns * 9 rows = 810 bytes There are 8000 STS-1 frames per second so each byte represents 64 kbps (each column is 576 kbps) Thus the basic STS-1 rate is 51.840 Mbps.
Y(

9 rows

Layers
SONET was designed with definite layering concepts

Physical layer optical fiber (linear or ring)

when exceed fiber reach regenerators regenerators are not mere amplifiers, regenerators use their own overhead fiber between regenerators called section (regenerator section)

Line layer link between SONET muxes (Add/Drop

Multiplexers) input and output at this level are Virtual Tributaries (VCs) actually 2 layers lower order VC (for low bitrate payloads) higher order VC (for high bitrate payloads)

Path layer end-to-end path of client data

SONET architecture
The fundamental SONET frame has a 125s. STS-1 =[ (90bytes/row)x (9 rows/frame)x(8bits/byte)]/ 125 s. = 51.84 Mbps STS -- Synchronous Transport Signal All other SONET are integer of multiples of this

A SONET signal is called a Synchronous Transport Signal The basic STS is STS-1, all others are multiples of it - STS-N The (optical) physical layer signal corresponding to an STS-N is an OC-N

SONET
STS-1 STS-3

Optical
OC-1 OC-3

rate
51.84M 155.52M

STS-12
STS-48 STS-192

OC-12
OC-48 OC-192

622.080M
2488.32M 9953.28M

SDH STM-1 frame

270 columns

9 rows

SONET STS-1 STS-3 STS-12

SDH

columns 90

rate 51.84M 155.52M 622.080M

STM-1 STM-4

270 1080

STS-48
STS-192

STM-16
STM-64

4320
17280

2488.32M
9953.28M

STS-N has 90N columns STM-M corresponds to STSN with N = 3M SDH rates increase by factors of 4 each time

STS-1 frame structure

90 columns 9 rows
3 rows

Synchronous Payload Envelope

Transport Overhead TOH

6 rows

Section overhead is 3 rows * 3 columns = 9 bytes = 576 kbps framing, performance monitoring, management

Line overhead is 6 rows * 3 columns = 18 bytes

=1152 kbps protection switching, line maintenance, mux/concat, SPE pointer SPE is 9 rows * 87 columns = 783 bytes = 50.112

Mbps
Similarly, STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of section+line overhead !

STM-1 frame structure

270 columns
RSOH

MSOH

Section Overhead SOH

Optical interface
To ensure interconnection compatibility b/w equipment from different manufacture, the SONET and SDH specification provide details for optical source characteristics The Rx sensitivity The Tx distance for various types of fiber

Optical Transport N/W ( OTN)

ITU defines a three layer optical Transport N/W model (ITU T Rec . G.709) also referred as

Digital Wrapping
Just as the SONET/SDH standard enabled the management of single-wavelength optical N/W using equipment from many different vendor, the G.709 standard enables the board adaptation Technology for managing multi wave- length Technology optical N/W.

Optical Transport N/W ( OTN)

It is just parallel ( closely parallel ) the path, line section sub layers of SONET

Optical Transport N/W ( OTN)

The model is based on a client /server concept.

The exchange of information b/w processes running in two different devices connected through a N/W may characterized by a Client/Server interaction The Term Client and Server describe the function roles of elements in the N/W The process or Element that request or receives the information is called client and the process or element that supplies the information is called SERVER

Optical Transport N/W ( OTN)

Client Signal such as IP, Ethernet, or OCN/STM-N are mapped from an Electrical signal format into digital format in an optical channel (Och) layer. Ochs deals with single wavelength channels as end to end paths or as sub network connection b/w routine nodes

Optical Transport N/W ( OTN) OMS layer represents a link carrying group of wavelengths b/w multiplexing equipments or OADMs. OTS layer relates to link b/w two optical amplifier.

Optical channel data unit(ODU)

It is the structure used to transport the OPU. The ODU consist of the OPU and the associated ODU overhead and provides path layer connection monitoring fn It also helps the maintenance and operation of optical channels

Optical channel Transport unit(OTU)

This OUT contains the ODU frame structure , the OTU over head, appended forward error correction. The OUT changes the digital format into a light signal for transport over an optical channel. It also provides errors detection and correction monitoring fn