BASIC Stability

STABILITY is the vessels ability to return to an upright position after being heeled by an external forces.

Weight Displacement of Water

For a ship to float, it must displace a weight of water equal to its own weight. This weight is measured in tons and is represented by the symbol

A ship displaces

a weight of water that is equal to its own weight.

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Displacement

Therefore ... a vessel will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced water.

When Buoyancy (B) is equal to Gravity (G) the vessel will float.

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WEIGHT DEADWEIGHT

Deadweight is a measurement of the ships total carrying capacity. It is the total weight of cargo, ballast, fuel oils, provisions, crew, freshwater, stores and etc.

 By Deadweight is understood the weight of the vessels contents: Cargo Bunkers - ( fuel / lubricating oil / ballast water / fresh water/potable water) Equipment Stores
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 Gross tonnage equals the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the ship.

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 Net tonnage can be calculated by deducting the spaces that are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage.

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 Harbour Dues that must be paid are often calculated according to the net tonnage.

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By Bale Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used for general cargo.
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By Grain Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used for bulk cargo.
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Ullage (to allow for the expansion of the oil).

By Oil Space is understood 98% of the total volume of the wet bulk tanks.

CONTAINER STOWAGE TEUS ( Twenty Equivalent Units

TPC ( Tons Per Centimeter Immersion ), is a measurement of how many tons that are required to change the ships draught by one centimeter.The TPC may vary at different draughts and trim calculations.

K is the abbreviation of the Keel, and is always at the same place. This is on the constructed line going through the center of the ship, called the Centerline.

G is the center of gravity, and its vertical placement is dependent on the places of masses onboard. Heavy cargoes placed near the bottom of the ship gives a low G while cargo placed higher in the ship gives a higher G. The gravitational forces work downwards as if they work in one point.

The Forces of Buoyancy work all over the underwater hull.

The Forces of Buoyancy work upwards as in one point, called the Center of Buoyancy

M is the Metacenter of the ship. When heeling at small angles, the ship will pivot around this point.

Lpp

App

Fpp

Perpendiculars are vertical lines fwd and aft, used for measurement purposes. The fwd perpendicular is measured from the endpoint of the constructed waterline. The aft perpendicular is measured through the rudder shaft. Length between perpendicular is referred to as LPP.

App

Fpp

In the middle of the perpendicular we have the so called Mid-Length of the ship. This is found by dividing the distance Lpp in two. The mid-length is therefore called L/2 and represented by the symbol:

LCG is the Center of Longitudinal Gravity, and its placement is dependent on the Longitudinal masses onboard. LCG is measured in meters from the aft perpendiculars.

LCB are forces of Buoyancy working all over the hull. These forces work upwards in one point. LCB is measured in meters from the aft perpendiculars.

App

Fpp

LCF (Longitudinal Center of Flotation) when changing trim, will rotate about a transverse axis that passes through the center of the actual waterline. LCF is read out from the hydrostatic data of the ship at a given condition.

Ship rotating about the LCF

Ship rotating about the LCF

Ship rotating about the LCF

STABILITY NOMENCLATURE

K = KEEL M = META CENTER KM = HEIGHT OF META CENTER

G
B
G=B V/L FLOATS G>B V/L SINKS

G = CENTER OF GRAVITY KG = HT OF CENTER OF GRAVITY GM = METACENTRIC HT

B = CENTER OF BUOYANCY KB = HT OF CENTER BUOYANCY BM = METACENTRIC RADIUS

M GG G G B K

THE POS. OF K IS FIXED THE POS OF M VARIES W/ THE DRAFT OF VSL. G MOVES TOWARDS WT. LOADED G MOVES AWAY FROM WT. DISCHARGE G MOVES PARALLEL TO THE DIR. OF THE WT BEING SHIFTED B MOVES TOWARDS THE LOW SIDE OF INCLINED V/L

STABLE
TST FULL TST FULL

M G
KM > KG

M IS ABOVE G
GM IS POSITVE

K
DBT EMPTY

NEUTRAL
TST FULL TST FULL

KM = KG

K
DBT EMPTY

M & G COINCIDES GM = ZERO

UNSTABLE
TST FULL TST FULL

G M

KG > KM

K
DBT EMPTY

G IS ABOVE M GM IS NEGATIVE

STABLE
TST EMPTY TST EMPTY

G M

G MOVES TOWARDS WEIGHT ADDED K G MOVES AWAY FROM DBT FULL WEIGHT DISCHARGED

HEEL

LIST G OFF THE CENTER LINE

LOW SIDE DUE TO EXTERNAL FORCE

DUE TO UNEVEN
WEIGHT

The Righting Lever GZ is the horizontal distance between vertical forces acting through B1 and G. The stability depend upon the length of GZ and the Buoyancy forces.

For angles of maximum 10 - 15, the GZ is calculated as: GZ = GM x Sin ( is the angle of Heel )

A typical GZ curve for a specific shi in one certain condition. To find the GZ value at one angle of hee

To find a GZ value at one angle of heel: - Start at the given angle of heel - Go straight up until we meet the GZ curve - We can read the GZ value by going horizontally out to the axis where the GZ value are written in meters.

If we increase the distance between M and G, there will be a great on Improving the GZ values. The result is a better stability.

If we increase more the distance between M and G, there will be a great on Improving the GZ values. The result is a better stability.

TRIM is the difference between fwd and aft draft. The trim may be changed by: - Moving mass already onboard in a fwd or aft direction - Adding mass at different places onboard - A change in the water density

Aft Trim is when the aft draught is larger than the fwd draught

Fwd Trim is when the fwd draught is larger than the aft draught

Trimming Moment is when moving a mass = Mass moved x the distance it moved

Trimming Moment is when moving a mass = Mass moved x the distance it moved

Trimming Moment is when adding a mass = Mass added x the distance fwd or aft of LCF

Trimming Moment is when adding a mass = Mass added x the distance fwd or aft of LCF

FREE SURFACE EFFECT

WITH 2 BULKHEADS THE EFECTS IS REDUCED TO 1/9. THE MORE BULKHEADS THE LESS EFFECT

SUBDIVISON OF TANKS

M
G

WATERTIGHT SUBDIVISION

G IS STILL EFFECTIVELY RAISED BUT ONLY BY 1/4 COMPARED TO WHEN THE TANK WAS UNDIVIDED

FULL AND DOWN

By full and down is meant that the vessel is fully laden and is floating on her load line.

MOTION OF A VESSEL IN SEAWAY Bodily Motions 1. Surge = Forward and Backward 2. Heave = Rise and Fall 3. Sway = Side to Side Oscillatory Motions 1. Yawing = Oscillation at Vertical Axis 2. Pitching = Oscillation at Transverse Axis 3. Rolling = Oscillation at Horizontal Axis

Due to the influences of wind and sea the vessel can make three different rotating motions and three different linear motions.

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When her starboard and port sides rise and fall with the waves, the vessel is rolling.

When her stem and stern rise and fall with the waves, the vessel is pitching.

When her bow is pushed to starboard and then to port, the vessel is yawing.

When the whole ship rises and falls back into a trough, she is heaving.

When the ship is pushed forward by the waves and sinks back into a trough, she is surging.

When the whole ship moves bodily to starboard and then to port, she is swaying.

 39. The bodily motion of a vessel in an up and down manner is termed: A. heaving B. surging C. swaying D. yawing

 44. The oscillating of a vessel on her longitudinal axis is termed as: A. draft B. pitching C. yawing D. heaving Answer - Rolling

 1. Which of the following is the correct way when loading a vessel to distribute cargo weight? A. Vertically B. Longitudinally C. Transversely D. All answers are correct

 49. The time required to incline from port to starboard and back to port again is called: A. inclining moment B. range of stability C. initial stability D. rolling period

 9. Longitudinal distribution of cargo has an effect on ___. A. stability B. draft C. trim D. center of flotation

 39. An increase in Breadth of the vessel will increase "BM". This in turn increases___. A. GM B. KG C. KM D. GZ

 49. The total upthrust due to buoyancy is considered to act vertically upwards through the: A. tipping center B. center of flotation C. center of buoyancy D. center of gravity

 55. In order to determine the trimming

arm for your vessel at any particular draft, which of the following would you compare? A. Longitudinal center of buoyancy and longitudinal center of gravity B. Longitudinal center of flotation and longitudinal center of gravity C. Longitudinal center of flotation and longitudinal center of buoyancy D. Longitudinal tipping center and longitudinal center of gravity

 66. If the righting lever is reduced, what will happen to the rolling period? A. Rolling period shall decrease B. Rolling period shall increase C. Rolling period shall remain the same D. None of the answer is correct

 21. What measures the stability of a vessel at all angles of inclination? A. The righting arm B. GM C. The righting moment D. KM

76. Buoyancy is a measure of the ship's: A. deadweight B. midship strength C. freeboard D. ability to float

 23. Which of the following is the correct definition of transverse metacenter? A. The transverse shift of the center of buoyancy as a vessel rolls. B. The point to which G may rise and still permit the vessel to possess positive stability. C. The distance between the actual center of gravity and the maximum center of gravity that will still allow a positive stability. D. The sum of the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity

 24. When a vessel has positive stability, the distance between the line of force through B and the line of force through G is called the _____. A. righting moment B. metacentric height C. righting arm D. metacentric radius

 25. In which case may metacentric height be considered an indication of a vessels stability? A. For all angles of inclination B. For small angles of inclination C. For large angles of inclination D. In no case

 27. If a vessel has a trim by the head, you would expect its transverse GM to be: A. Equal to the even keel condition B. Greater than in an even keel condition C. Less than the even keel condition D. Cannot be determined

 28. If a vessel is trimmed by the stern, you would expect its transverse GM to be: A. Less than in an even keel condition B. Equal to the even keel condition C. Greater than the even keel condition D. Cannot be determined

 29. Where could a considerable amount of weight be placed on the ship without causing a change in trim? A. Over midships B. Over LCG C. Over LCB D. Over LCF

 57. A vessel with initial negative stability will: A. have G and M in the same position B. capsize C. take on a list but may not capsize D. have G and B in the same position

 58. The longitudinal center of flotation is located at ______. A. Midway between the forward and after perpendiculars B. The center of the displaced volume C. The center of gravity of the water plane D. All of these are correct

 68. KB is measured from the keel to the center of buoyancy, and BM is measured from the center of buoyancy to the metacenter. Therefore, KB = BM - KG gives: A. KM B. GM C. VCB D. VCG

 69. In stability, the point around which B swings for a very small change in transverse inclination is the _______. A. G B. K C. M D. KM

 70. What is the point around which a vessel trims? A. MCTIC B. LCB C. LCG D. LCF

 72. The value of the righting arm at an angle of loll is _______. A. zero B. negative C. positive D. equal to GM

76. A ship's stability normally increase when tanks are ballasted because the ship's _____ A. freeboard is increased B. center of bouyancy is lowered C. center of gravity is lowered D. reserve bouyancy is increased

86. The center of floatation of the ship is located at the geometric center of the ____ . A. amidship section B. underwater volume C. waterplane area D. waterplane coefficient

88. The Law of Archimedes states, a ship must displace the amount of water equal to its own weight at all times if she is to remain ________. A. stable B. afloat C. steady D. upright

 43. The bodily motion of a body from side to side is termed: A. heaving B. surging C. swaying D. yawing

 49. The oscillation of a vessel along her vertical axis is: A. swaying B. pitching C. yawing D. heaving

 50. The oscillation of a vessel on her transverse axis is termed as: A. rolling B. pitching C. yawing D. heaving

1. Buoyancy is a measure of the ships _____. A. ability to float B. deadweight C. freeboard D. midships strength

 2. The upward pressures of displaced water is called ________. A. buoyancy B. deadweight C. draft D. freeboard

 3. A vessel behaves as if all of its weight is acting downward through the center of gravity, and all its support is acting upward through the ________. A. keel B. center of buoyancy C. tipping center D. amidships section

 4. The center of the underwater volume of a floating vessel is the ________. A. center of buoyancy B. center of flotation C. uncorrected height of the center of gravity of the vessel D. center of gravity of the vessel corrected for free surface effects

 5. The center of volume of the immersed portion of the hull is called the _________. A. center of buoyancy B. center of flotation C. center of gravity D. tipping center

 32. A vessel continually lists to one side and has a normal rolling period. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. The vessel has negative GM. B. The center of gravity is on the centerline. C. The list can be corrected by reducing KM. D. The vessel has asymmetrical weight distribution

 33. Before counter-flooding a vessel to correct a list, a ships officer must be sure that the list is due to ________. A. negative GM B. flooding C. off-center weight D. reserve buoyancy

 34. If the cause of severe list or trim is offcenter ballast, counter-flooding into empty tanks will: A. increase the righting moment B. increase the righting arm C. increase list or trim D. decrease list or trim

 36. If your vessel has taken a slight list from the off-center loading of material on deck, the: A. list should be easily removed B. mean draft is affected C. vessel may flop D. vessel is trimmed

 37. During cargo operations, your vessel has developed a list due to the center of gravity rising above the transverse metacenter. To correct the list, you should ______. A. shift weight to the high side B. shift weight to the centerline C. add weight in the lower holds or double bottoms D. remove weight from the lower holds or double bottoms

 38. If a vessel will list with equal readiness to either side, the list is most likely caused by: A. negative GM B. off-center weight C. pocketing of free surface D. excessive freeboard

39. A negative metacentric height _____. A. should always be immediately corrected B. will always cause a vessel to capsize C. should always results from off-center weights D. all of the above are correct

 40. A tank which is NOT completely full or empty is called _______. A. pressed B. slack C. inertia D. elemental

 41. A partially full tank cause a virtual rise in the height of the ________. A. metacenter B. center of buoyancy C. center of floatation D. center of gravity

 42. If we shift fuel oil so that the trim and KG of the ship remain the same but free surface correction for the fuel oil tanks is reduced, what happens to the GM? A. GM is decreased B. GM remains the same C. GM is increased D. GM can either increase or decrease

 43. Increasing free surfaces has the effect of raising the _______. A. uncorrected KG B. virtual height of the center of the gravity C. metacenter D. metacentric height

 44. Increasing the number of slack liquid tanks has the effect of raising the ______. A. uncorrected KG B. maximum allowed KG C. virtual height of the center gravity D. metacentric height

 45. Reducing free surfaces has the effect of lowering the ____. A. uncorrected KG B. virtual height of the center of gravity C. metacenter D. metacentric height

 47. A virtual rise in the center of gravity may be caused by _______. A. filing a partially filled tank B. using fuel from a pressed fuel tank C. emptying a partially filled tank D. transferring ballast from the forepeak to the after peak

 48. Reducing the free surface of a vessel reduces the _______. A. natural roll period B. metacentric height C. waterplane area D. uncorrected height of the center of gravity.

 49. Stability is determined principally by the location of the point of application of the two forces. The upward acting buoyant force and the: A. upward acting weight force B. environmental force C. downward acting buoyant force D. downward acting weight force

 50. The two points that act together to trim a ship are the: A. LCF and LCB B. Metacenter and LCG C. LCG and LCB D. VCG and LCG