Chapter 11 Resonance in AC Circuits

Chapter 11
Resonance in AC
Circuits
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Sunday, February 23, 2014 Ch. 11 Resonance in AC Circuits 2
Topics to be Discussed
Introduction.
Series Resonant Circuit.
Effect of Variation of
Frequency.
Variation of Voltage
across C and L with
Frequency.
Quality Factor (Q).
Voltage Magnification.
Resonance Curve.
Relation between f
0
, f
1

and f
2
.
Bandwidth (BW) in
Terms of Circuit
Parameters.
Bandwidth (BW) in
Terms of Q and f
0
.
Parallel Resonant Circuit.
Practical Circuit.
Resonance Curve.
Frequency.
Some Important Points.

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Introduction
Resonance is the condition that exists in ac
circuits when the input current is in phase with the
input voltage.

When in resonance, the ac circuit is purely
resistive and draws power at unity power factor.
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Series Resonant Circuit
(a) The circuit.
(b) Phasor diagram
at resonance.
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The resonance in a series RLC circuit requires that
C
L X X X X
C L C L
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
or or 0
e
e = = =
The frequency of resonance,
LC
f
LC t
e
2
1
or
1
0 0
= =
The impedance of the circuit assumes a minimum
value given as
R j R Z = + = 0
0
The current has a maximum value given by
R
V
Z
V
I = =
0
0
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Effect of Variation of Frequency
(a) Impedance.
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(b) Current. (c) Power factor angle.
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At f
0
, the circuit behaves as purely resistive.
Below f
0
,
X has negative values
(i.e., the circuit is capacitive).
Above f
0
,
X has positive values
(i.e., the circuit is inductive).
Since the current becomes maximum at resonant
frequency, the series RLC resonant circuit is also
called an acceptor circuit.
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Cick
Variation of Voltage across C and L
with Frequency
(a) When R has appreciable value.
2
2
1 1
2 2
C
R
f
LC L t
=
2 2
1
2 ( / 2)
L
f
LC R C t
=
We can show that

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(b) When R is very small.
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Quality Factor (Q)
cycle per dissipated Energy
cycle) per or in stored energy Maximum ( 2 C L
Q
t
=
2
1
2
m
2
0 0
2 [ ( ) ] L I
Q
I RT
t
=
R
L
R I
I L
0
0
2
0
2
0 2
1
) / 2 (
] ) 2 ( / [ 2 e
e t
t
= =
The quality of a resonant circuit to accept current (and
power) at the resonant frequency to the exclusion of
other frequencies is measured by its quality factor (Q
factor), defined below.
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Since
, / 1
0 0
C L e e =
CR
Q
0
1
e
=
By putting,
LC / 1
0
= e we get another form for Q :
0
1 1 LC L
Q
CR CR R C e
= = =
A capacitor usually has no losses.
The Q of a series inductor-capacitor circuit is the
same as the Q of the coil used.
In fact, Q of the coil is used as a figure of merit for
the coil.
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Coils with Q < 10 are described as low-Q coils.
Coils with Q > 10 are described as high-Q coils.
Coils having Q as high as 200-300 are used in
electronic circuits.
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Voltage Magnification
Let us determine the voltage drops across each element,
V R
R
V
R I V
R
= = =
0
VQ
R
L
V
R
X
V X
R
V
X I V
L
L L L
= = = = =
0 0
0 0 0
e
0
0 0 0
0
1
C
C C C
X V
V I X X V V VQ
R R CR e
= = = = =
The entire supply voltage V appears across R.
The voltage V
L
(and voltage V
C
) is Q times V.
This is often called Q gain in electronics.
The circuit is called voltage resonant circuit.
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Example 1
A series combination of a resistance of 4 , an
inductance of 0.5 H and a variable capacitance is
connected across a 100-V, 50-Hz supply.
Calculate
(a) the capacitance to give resonance,
(b) the voltage across the inductance and the
capacitance, and
(c) the Q factor of the circuit.
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Solution :
0 0 0 0
or 2 1/ 2
L C
X X f L f C t t = =
(a) For resonance,
2 2
0
1 1

(2 ) (2 50) 0.5
C
f L t t
= = =

20.3F
(b) At resonance,
0
100
25A
4
V
I
R
= = =
0
25 (2 50 0.5)
L L
V I X t = = = 3925V
C L
V V = = 3925V
(c)
39.25 =

= = =
4
5 . 0 50 2 2
0 0
t t e
R
L f
R
L
Q
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Resonance Curve
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The frequencies f
1
and f
2
are often called lower and upper
cutoff frequencies.
At these frequencies, the current reduces to 0.707I
0
.
These frequencies are also called half-power
frequencies.
The lower the value of R, the sharper is the resonance
curve.
We say that such a resonant circuit has high selectivity.
For larger values of R, not only the peak value of current
falls, but even the response curve becomes less sharp
(i.e., low selectivity).
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Relation between f
0
, f
1
and f
2
At f
1
and f
2
,
2
0
I
I =
R
C
L R X X
R X X R Z Z
C L
C L
= =
= + =
1
or
2 ) ( or 2
2 2
0
For X
L
< X
C
, we get
LC L
R
L
R 4
2
1
2
2
1
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ = e
For X
L
> X
C
, we get
LC L
R
L
R 4
2
1
2
2
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ = e
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Multiplying these two equations,
2 2
2
1 2 0
1 4 1 1
( )
4 4
R R
L LC L LC
e e e
(
| | | |
= + = =
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

0 1 2
0 1 2
or
f f f
e e e =
=
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Bandwidth (BW) in Terms of Circuit
Parameters
L
R
BW
LC L
R
L
R
LC L
R
L
R
f f BW
t
t t
t t
2
4
4
1
4
4
4
1
4
2
2
1 2
=
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
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Bandwidth (BW) in Terms of Q and f
0
R
L
Q
0
e
=
We know that
Q
f
Q L
R
0 0
2t e
= =
0
2 1 1
2 2 2
f R R
BW
L L Q
t
t t t
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
0
or
f
BW
Q
=
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Comments on Resonance
The f
0
is not centrally located with respect to f
1
and f
2
,
especially when the Q is small.
Actually, f
0
is the geometric mean of f
1
and f
2
.
The geometric mean is always less than the arithmetic
mean.
However, if Q > 10, f
0
is sufficiently centered with
respect to f
1
and f
2
.
Hence, we can write
2
and
2
0 2 0 1
BW
f f
BW
f f + ~ ~
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Example 2
A series ac circuit has a resonance frequency of
150 kHz and a bandwidth of 75 kHz. Determine
its half-power frequencies.
Solution : Let us calculate the Q of the circuit,
0 0
150kHz
Since , we have 2
75kHz
f f
BW Q
Q BW
= = = =
Hence, we cannot use the approximate relations.
Using the exact relations, and working in kHz,
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150 and 75
1 2 1 2
f f f f = =
Eliminating f
2
between the two equations, we get
kHz 192.1 or kHz 1 . 117
0 500 22 75
1
1
2
1
=
= +
f
f f
Ignoring the negative value, we have f
1
= 117.1 kHz.
Hence, f
2
= 75 + f
1
= 192.1 kHz.
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Parallel Resonant Circuit
The losses in inductor and capacitor are accounted
for by equivalent resistances R
1
and R
2
.
Resonant condition reaches when the reactive (or
wattless) component of line current I reduces to zero.
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Under resonance condition, the reactive components of
these two currents are equal in magnitude (but opposite in
phase). That is,
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2 2 1 1
sin sin u u I I =
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
1
0
2
0
2
1
) / 1 (
) / 1 (
) / 1 ( ) (
) (
) ( C R
C
C R
V
L R
L
L R
V
e
e
e e
e
e +
+
=
+
+
1
or

) / 1 (
) / 1 (
) (
) (
or
2 2
0
2
2
0
2 2
0
2
1
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
1
0
+
=
+
+
=
+
C R
C
L R
L
C R
C
L R
L
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
) / (
) / (
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
C L R
C L R
LC
f
=
t
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Practical Parallel Resonance Circuit
It is possible to get a capacitor having negligible
losses.
It means that the resistance R
2
in series with
capacitor C can be ignored.
However, in practice an inductor does have some
losses.
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(a) A practical circuit. (b) Its phasor diagram.
By putting R
2
= 0 and R
1
= R,
L C R
LC
C L
C L R
LC
f / 1
2
1
) / (
) / (
2
1
2
2
0
=
=
t t
Note that if
), / ( 1 /
2 2
C L R L C R > >
f
0
is imaginary, and therefore the resonance cannot occur.
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Ideal Parallel Resonant Circuit
If it were possible, it would have been ideal if the
inductor too were lossless. In such a case, we could
ignore resistance R,
LC
f
t 2
1
0
=
(c) An ideal circuit.
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The resonant frequency is
Current at Resonance
For the practical circuit, at resonance we have
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
1
sin cos and ; ) (
Z
L
Z
R
Z
V
I L R Z
e
u e

= = = + =
= = = = = 90 and
/ 1
; / 1
2 0
0 2
2 0 2
u e
e
e C V
C
V
Z
V
I C Z
Equating the reactive components of the two
currents, we get
C
L
Z
C V
Z
L
Z
V
I I
=
= =
1
0
1
0
1
2 1 1

or 90 sin sin e
e
u
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Since the reactive components of the two currents
cancel each other, the line current is
0
2
1 1 1
2 2 1 1
/ /
0 cos cos
Z
V
CR L
V
C L
VR
Z
VR
Z
R
Z
V
I I I = = = = + = + = u u
Thus, the effective or equivalent or dynamic impedance
of the parallel resonance circuit is given as
CR
L
Z =
0
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Effect of Variation of Frequency
1
2 2 2 2
2
1
( ) ( )
1
(1/ )
L
C
R L
j G jB
R j L R L R L
j C jB
j C
e
e e e
e
e
= = =
+ + +
= = + = +
Y
Y
The conductance and susceptance of the inductive branch,
2 2 2 2
) (
and
) ( L R
L
B
L R
R
G
L
e
e
e +
=
+
=
For the capacitive branch,
C B G
C
e = = and 0
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Total admittance of the circuit,
) (
) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
1 L C
B B j G C j
L R
L
j
L R
R
+ = +
+
+
= + = e
e
e
e
2
Y Y Y
C B
L R
L
B
L R
R
G
C
L
e
e
e
e
=
+
=
+
=
2 2
2 2
) (
and
) (
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1. As f increases, G decreases.
2. The B
L
is considered negative, since j is associated
with it.
3. For low f, L < R and (L)
2
<< R
2
, hence B
L
is
directly proportional to f.
4. For high f, L > R and (L)
2
>> R
2
, hence B
L
is
inversely proportional to f.
5. Consequently, the plot is a rectangular hyperbola.
It can be seen that
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(a) Admittance versus frequency.
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(b) Current versus frequency.
At resonance frequency, the line current is seen to
have minimum,
L
VCR
CR L
V
Z
V
I = = =
/
0
0
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Some Important Points
Since the circuit rejects the current at resonance
(i.e., it has minimum value), the parallel
resonant circuit is also called rejector circuit or
anti-resonant circuit.
Since the circulating current between the two
branches is many times the line current, the
parallel resonant circuit is also called current
resonant circuit.
The circuit is also called a tank circuit.
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Review
Introduction.
Series Resonant Circuit.
Frequency.
Variation of Voltage
across C and L with
Frequency.
Quality Factor (Q).
Voltage Magnification.
Resonance Curve.
Relation between f
0
, f
1

and f
2
.
Bandwidth (BW) in
Terms of Circuit
Parameters.
Bandwidth (BW) in
Terms of Q and f
0
.
Parallel Resonant Circuit.
Practical Circuit.
Resonance Curve.
Frequency.
Some Important Points.

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Chapter 11 Resonance in AC Circuits

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