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1624: Africans were imported as slaves to New Yorks Hudson River Valley.
1645: The TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE began: African SLAVES were brought to the West Indies to be traded for SUGAR, RUM & TOBACCO, which were sold in New England for LUMBER & MANUFACTURED GOODS, in order to finance the purchase of new cargoes of SLAVES.
Slave auctions
Fort Negley
Fort Negley was the largest inland stone fort constructed during the Civil War. It was never directly attacked during the Battle of Nashville, and the forts cannons were fired only a few times.
Fort Negley, which covers four acres, was built in 1862, largely by impressed labor. More than 2,700 African Americans built Fort Negley, with only about 300 of them being paid for their labor. Many of the workers died from the lack of appropriate clothing, warm blankets, and adequate food and shelter.
I lost 48 hours trying to get Negroes, teams, tools, cooking utensils, and provisions. Only 150 Negroes so far, no tools, teams, etc. I wanted to employ 825 Negroes by the 11th. (telegram, Gen. Morton to Gen. Buell, August 1862) Fort Negley, Nashville
At African church a negro man shot down by the guards engaged in pressing*. It is the custom of the Military authorities to go to the colored peoples churches on Sunday when they wish to make a big haul of pressed* men. The man died afterwards Briggs attended him. (Diary of Dr. John Berrien Lindsley, September 20, 1863)
* Impressing/impressed: forcing people into military service without notice.
The Fisk Jubilee Singers helped make the nation aware of African American achievement.
The transformation of America after the end of slavery generated many political cartoons.
Cartoons and photographs are often the beginning of sympathy & understanding and, eventually, of change.
But Slavery by Another Name* still existed in Tennessee and other Southern states.
State Legislatures came up with an untapped source of free labor: prisoners!
Under the Convict Leasing program, prisoners were rented out to coal companies and other employers during the day & returned to their cells at night. The state made a great deal of money . . . and the prisoners had become slaves again.
*See Douglas A. Blackmons eloquent book by that title (Anchor, 2009).
A man could be thrown into jail for years for such minor offenses as stealing a fence rail to heat his house, or a loaf of bread to feed his family.
By 1889 TCI was contracting out 60% of Tennessees prisoners for over $100,000 a year. One worker in ten died every year.
One result of Convict Leasing was that white miners were shut out of earning their traditional livelihood. It was only after miners revolted that Convict Leasing ended and prison reform could occur.
How can TSLA help you discover & untangle Tennessees past?
1. The TSLA photo database, accessible from the main page of our web site and easily searchable by subject, contains thousands of photographs, sketches, and other images.
http://tn.gov/tsla/
http://tn.gov/tsla/
2. Our Cartes de Visite collection is full of such treasures as this lovely portrait.
3. This Honorable Body in our online Exhibits area showcases the stories of the 14 African American legislators who served in the TN General Assembly in the 19th century.
http://tn.gov/tsla/
Tennessees 19th century African American legislators worked hard to make the law more fair for everyone, but after the last of them left office (1888), the Jim Crow laws disenfranchised African Americans for many generations.
TeVA:
4. The Tennessee Virtual Archive (TeVA) contains a wealth of historic images from the treasures in our collection.
It is accessible from our main web page.
http://tn.gov/tsla/
The Mustard Collection focuses on health issues, as in this image of children lined up for vaccinations,
Other relevant TeVA images may be found in Early 20th Century Schoolhouses
The Rosenwald schools, a vital part of early black education in Tennessee, were funded by a private foundation, along with some contributions from individual donors and state funds.
Crockett County
This Harpers Weekly cartoon features Hiram Revels (seated right), the first black Senator,* who was elected to Jefferson Daviss former seat.
*Mississippi, 1870-1871
6. One of the most interesting photo collections at TSLA can be found in the Merl Eppse Papers, featuring images of cultural, educational, and recreational life in Tennessee. cd
Educational celebrations
The Eppse collection also includes photos of several famous African Americans, including Hattie McDaniel, Louis Armstrong, Marian Anderson, and Jackie Robinson.
7. The Earl S. Miers River Photographs are part of the rich TeVA Collection.
http://tn.gov/tsla/
http://tn.gov/tsla/
8. The Fisk University scrapbook of W.H. Fort Jr. contains many historically valuable images. These photos show Langston Hughes on campus and a Nashville flood in 1926.
9. TSLA has a number of important photos and documents from the Civil Rights era.
Martin Luther King and other Civil Rights leaders used the Tennessee lunch counter sit-ins as a model for effective protest.
Image from TSLA Photo Database
Monroe W. Gooden, Styles L. Hutchins, & Samuel A. McElwee, members of the 45th General Assembly (1887-1888), were the last African Americans to serve in the Tennessee State Legislature in the 19th century.
In
(77 years later)
A.W. Willis Jr., a Memphis businessman & attorney who had worked with the NAACP to desegregate the Memphis city schools, took his seat in the Tennessee General Assembly.
3rd Tennessee Constitution (1870): All male citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
It took another 50 years before all adult citizens were able to vote.
The Tennessee vote was crucial to ratification of the 19th Amendment, which required approval by the legislatures of 36 states. By early August of 1920 there were still only 35 favorable votes.
But . . . did you know that Tennessee was the last state to ratify the 15th Amendment?
. . . in 1997!
Did you also know that Tennessee granted African Americans the vote before the 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870?
On February 25, 1867, the Tennessee General Assembly gave African Americans the right to vote and to hold political office. Governor Brownlow signed the bill into law the following day.
CEREMONY TO OPEN THE CIVIL RIGHTS ROOM L-R: Rev. C.T. Vivian, John Seigenthaler, Rev. James Lawson, Diane Nash, Rep. John Lewis (D-GA), Dr. James Bevel, Dr. Bernard Lafayette. Nashville Public Library, February 15, 2004. Photo by Gary Layda.
In 2010 a bust of Sampson W. Keeble, Tennessees first African American legislator, was installed in the State Capitol.
Sculptor Roy Butler prepares the Keeble bust for firing.
Tennessee State Library & Archives 403 7th Avenue North, Nashville 37243
CIVIL RIGHTS PERIODICALS TENNESSEE HIGHLANDER FOLK SCHOOL AUDIO COLLECTION COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF THE 81ST SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF TENNESSEE RACE DISCRIMINATION UNITED STATES
(particularly the two books by Pauli Murray, concerning States Laws on Race and Color.)
Recommended Reading:
David Halberstam. The Children.
John Lewis and Michael DOrso. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement.
Howard Zinn. SNCC: the New Abolitionists. Tennessee Historical Quarterly: David E. Summer. "The Publisher and the Preacher: Racial Conflict at Vanderbilt University. (Spring 1997) Linda T. Wynn."The Dawning of a New Day: The Nashville Sit-Ins, February 13, 1960-May 10, 1960." (Spring 1991)
Our filmed interview with two Tennessee women who took part in the 1960 sit-ins was webcast from the MTSU Satellite & Webcasting Center in November 2009. Go here to watch the interview:
http://cem.mtsu.edu/video/k-12/discovering-living-primary-sources-what-we-can-learninterviewing-participants-civil
You may be asked to create an account or to fill out a temporary webcast viewing form. This process is free, takes only a few minutes, and does not obligate you to anything.
justice.
Martin Luther King Jr.