FM Demodulation Excllemt

What We Shall Cover
Review of Modulation (with animations) What is demodulation Frequency Demodulation Definition Types of FM Demodulators Study of Various FM Demodulators (Slope, Balanced, Foster-Seeley, Ratio and Phase Locked Loop)
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What is Modulation
Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic or optical signal carrier.
Carrier Wave Modulator
Modulated Signal
Information
Types of Modulation
Common modulation methods include: Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the voltage applied to the carrier is varied over time Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is varied in small but meaningful amounts Phase modulation (PM), in which the natural flow of the alternating current waveform is delayed temporarily
Amplitude Modulation Example
Transmitted Signal
Modulating Signal
Frequency Modulation Example
Transmitted Signal
Modulating Signal
What is a Demodulator?
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal (modulating signal) from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.
What is FM Demodulator
An electronic circuit in which frequency variations of modulated signals are converted to amplitude variations first, with the help of tuned circuit And then original information is extracted with the AM demodulation techniques say diode detector.
Types of FM Demodulators
FM Demodulation
Direct
Slope
Indirect
Phase Lock Loop(PLL)
Detector Balanced Slope Detector Foster-Seeley Phase Discriminator Ratio Detector
Basic FM Demodulator
Frequency Variations
TUNED CIRUIT
Amplitude Variations
NOTE: Amplitude Variations are added to wave according to frequency variations, and frequency variations remain present in wave.
The function of FM demodulator is to change the frequency deviation of the incoming carrier into an AF amplitude variation. The detection circuit should be insensitive to amplitude changes.
This type of circuit converts the FM IF voltage of constant amplitude into a voltage that is both FM and AM. The later is applied to a detector which reacts to amplitude changes and ignores frequency changes.
FM Wave
Output of Tuned Circuit
The most basic circuit employed as FM demodulator is parallel tuned LC circuit, often known as slope detector. The carrier frequency should fall on one side of resonant frequency and The entire frequencies should fall on linear region of transfer curve of tuned circuit.
SLOPE Detector
FM
Detector Output
FM Source Tank Circuit

Transfer Curve
Output
Slope Detector Transfer Characteristics

Transfer Curve
Output
Slope Detector Transfer Characteristics
SLOPE Detector
The output is then applied to a diode detector with RC load of suitable time constant. The circuit is, in fact, identical to that of AM detector.
Limitations of Slope Detector

It is inefficient, as it is linear in very limited frequency range. It reacts to all amplitude changes. It is relatively difficult to tune, as tuned circuit must be tuned to different frequency than carrier frequency.
Balanced Slope Detector

This circuit uses two slope detectors, connected in back to back fashion, to opposite ends of center-tapped transformer. And hence fed 1800 out of phase.

The top secondary circuit is tuned above the IF by an amount f, and bottom circuit is tuned below IF by f. Each circuit is connected to diode detectors with suitable RC loads. The output is taken across series combination of loads, so that it is sum of the individual outputs.

15V 10V 5V -5V -10V -15V
Output of T at fc+f
(+10 to +15V)
Output of T at fc-f (+5 to +10V)
Output of T at fc+f
(-5 to -10V)
Output of T at fc-f
(-10 to -15V)
Combined Transfer Curve

Useful Range

When input frequency = fc
Then output of T(+Ve)= output of T (-Ve) So sum of outputs of T and T = Zero Then output of T(+Ve) > output of T (-Ve) So sum of outputs of T and T = +Ve Then output of T(+Ve) < output of T (-Ve) So sum of outputs of T and T = -Ve
When input frequency = fc+f When input frequency = fc-f
Balance Slope Detector- Drawbacks

Even more difficult to tune, as there are three different frequencies to be tuned. Amplitude limiting still not provided. Linearity, although better than single slope detector, is still not good enough.
Foster-Seeley (Phase) Discriminator

In this all the tuned circuits are tuned to the same frequency. Balanced Slope Detector circuit with some changes is used. This circuit yields far better linearity than slope detection.
Phase Discriminator
As C & C4 are coupling & RF Bypass capacitors respectively, therefore VL3 VIN So Voltage across diode= VIN + Secondary voltage/2
Phase Discriminator
Now in Transformer voltage is induced in the secondary as a result of current in primary. jM VIN . X C 2 And Vab L1 R2 jX 2
Where X2= XL2-XC2

Phase Discriminator
At resonance i.e. when input frequency is fc, X2=0
jM VIN . X C 2 Vab L1 R2
i.e. Vab leads VIN by 900.
Phase Discriminator
And from the phasor diagram given below : V
ab
2
Vab 2
That as Vao=Vbo, hence discriminator output is zero.

Phase Discriminator
When input frequency is greater than fc, then XL2>XC2 & hence X2 is positive. jM VIN . X C 2 VIN X C 2 M900 Vab L1 Z 2 L1 R2 jX 2
VIN X C 2 M 0 (90 ) L1 Z 2
That is Vab leads VIN by less than 900.

Phase Discriminator
And from the phasor diagram given below :
Vab 2
Vab 2
That as Vao>Vbo, hence discriminator output is positive.

Phase Discriminator
When input frequency is less than fc, then XL2<XC2 & hence X2 is negative.
jM VIN . X C 2 VIN X C 2 M900 Vab L1 Z 2 ( ) L1 R2 jX 2

VIN X C 2 M 0 (90 ) L1 Z 2 That is Vab leads VIN by more than 900.
Phase Discriminator
And from the phasor diagram given below :
Vab 2
Vab 2
That as Vao<Vbo, hence discriminator output is negative.

Phase Discriminator
Useful Range extends upto half-power points of tuned transformer. Useful Range Beyond which o/p falls due to frequency response of transformer.
Phase Discriminator
It is much easier to align, as there are now two tuned circuits and both are tuned to the same frequency. Linearity is quite better, as circuit relies less on frequency & more on primarysecondary phase relation, which is quite linear. Only drawback is, there is no provision for amplitude limiting.
Ratio- Detector
Ratio detector demodulator is modified Foster-Seeley circuit in order to incorporate amplitude limiting. In Foster-Seeley discriminator that sum of voltages Vao+Vbo Should remain constant, and their difference should vary due to variation in input frequency.
Ratio-detector
But practically speaking any variation in the amplitude of input signal, also has impact on sum of Vao+Vbo, leading to distortion. Ratio-detector circuit eliminates this variation of Vao+Vbo, and performs the function of amplitude limiter also.
Ratio-Detector
Three changes are made in Foster-Seeley discriminator: One of The diodes has been reversed. A large capacitor has been placed between points, from where output was taken. Output now is taken from elsewhere.
Ratio-Detector
Change 1: Diode D2 is reversed so that now sum of Vao & Vbo appears across points a and b instead of difference.
Ratio-Detector
Change 2: A capacitor C5 with large time constant is connected across a-b in order to keep Vao+Vbo constant.
Ratio-Detector
Change 3: Output is taken from o-o as the difference of Vao + Vbo appears there. Ground is shifted to O.
Operation at Resonance
No phase shift occurs at resonance and both Vao & Vbo are equal. Hence their difference (output) is zero. During negative part of cycle of input signal, polarity across secondary also changes and both diodes get reverse biased. But C5 with large time constant maintains voltage at constant level.
Operation Above Resonance

When a tuned circuit operates at a frequency higher than resonance, the tank is inductive. Secondary voltage V1 is nearer in phase with primary voltage, while V2 is shifted further out of phase with primary.
Operation Above Resonance

So output voltage in this case will be positive as shown in vector diagram:
Vab 2
Vab 2
Output
Operation Below Resonance

When a tuned circuit operates below resonance, it is capacitive. Secondary current leads the primary voltage and secondary voltage V2 is nearer in phase with primary voltage and voltage V1 is shifted away in phase from primary voltage
Operation Below Resonance

So the output in this case will be negative.
Vab 2
Vab 2
Output
Ratio-Detector Advantages
Amplitude limiting is possible. Linearity is quite good as compared to others. So quite often used in high quality receivers.
Ratio-Detector Dis-advantages
Under critical noise conditions, such as satellite receivers, where demodulator noise performance becomes very significant, even this demodulator is found wanting. Under these conditions more advanced demodulators such as Phase Locked Loop are used.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

It is the best frequency demodulator. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage- or current-driven oscillator that is constantly adjusted to match in phase (and thus lock on) with the frequency of an input signal.
Phase Locked Loop

A basic phase Locked Loop consists of Three components: Phase discriminator: compares phase of two signals and generates a voltages according to phase difference of two signals.
Phase Locked Loop

Loop Filter: A low pass filter to filter the output of phase discriminator. Voltage controlled Oscillator(VCO): generates RF signals whose frequency depends upon voltage generated by phase discriminator.
Phase Locked Loop

compare the two input signals and generate an output signal that, when filtered, will control the VCO. adjusts the VCO frequency in an attempt to correct for the original frequency or phase difference.
Phase Locked Loop

As incoming frequency changes, The phase discriminator generates a voltage to control the frequency and phase of VCO. This control voltage varies at the same rate as the frequency of the incoming signal.
Phase Locked Loop

Control Voltage rate of input freq change Hence this signal can be directly used as output. PLL must have low time constant so that it can follow modulating signal.
Phase Locked Loop

Free running frequency of VCO is set equal to the carrier frequency of the FM wave. The lock range must be at least twice the maximum deviation of the signal.
Phase Locked Loop

Linearity is governed by voltage to frequency characteristics of VCO. As it swings over small portion of its bandwidth, the characteristic can be made relatively linear. Hence the distortion levels of PLL demodulators are normally very low.
Transfer Curve
Output
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FM Demodulation Excllemt

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FM Demodulation Excllemt

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What We Shall Cover

Amplitude Modulation Example

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Frequency Modulation Example

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Detector Balanced Slope Detector Foster-Seeley Phase Discriminator Ratio Detector

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Output of Tuned Circuit

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FM Source Tank Circuit

Slope Detector Transfer Characteristics

Slope Detector Transfer Characteristics

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Limitations of Slope Detector

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Balanced Slope Detector

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Balanced Slope Detector

Balanced Slope Detector

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Balanced Slope Detector

Output of T at fc-f (+5 to +10V)

Combined Transfer Curve

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Balanced Slope Detector

When input frequency = fc+f When input frequency = fc-f

Balance Slope Detector- Drawbacks

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Foster-Seeley (Phase) Discriminator

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Where X2= XL2-XC2

That as Vao=Vbo, hence discriminator output is zero.

That is Vab leads VIN by less than 900.

That as Vao>Vbo, hence discriminator output is positive.

jM VIN . X C 2 VIN X C 2 M900 Vab L1 Z 2 ( ) L1 R2 jX 2

That as Vao<Vbo, hence discriminator output is negative.

Operation Above Resonance

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Operation Above Resonance

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Operation Below Resonance

Operation Below Resonance

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Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

Phase Locked Loop

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Phase Locked Loop

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Phase Locked Loop

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Phase Locked Loop

Phase Locked Loop

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Phase Locked Loop

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Phase Locked Loop

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