BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ECE-133
.
TRANSFORMERS
Contents:
Introduction
Types
Principles of operation
Construction
Equation of transformer
Losses and efficiency

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What is Transformer?
Transformer is an ac machine that
Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
electric circuit
It basically changes the level of voltages from one value to the other at
constant frequency.
Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Has electric circuits that are linked by common electric circuit.

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Since the construction of a transformer requires no moving
parts it is known as static transformer.

Types Transformer
There are two types
Step Down Transformer
Step Up Transformer

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Step Up Transformer:
When the output voltage of a transformer is higher than input
voltage then the transformer is known as step up transformer.

Step Down Transformer:
When the input voltage of a transformer is higher than output
voltage then the transformer is known as step down transformer.

Principle of Operation of Transformer
A transformer in its simplest form will consist of a rectangular
laminated magnetic structure on which two coils of different number
of turns are wound as shown in Figure

Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction of two coils.

When current in the primary coil is changed the flux linked to the
secondary coil also changes

Consequently an EMF is induced in the secondary coil.
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Construction of a Transformer
Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

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Core - Type Construction:
When alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding, an
alternating current will flow that will magnetize the magnetic
core.

First in one direction and then in the other direction.
This alternating flux flowing around the entire length of the
magnetic circuit induces a voltage in both primary &
secondary windings.
Cont
Since both windings are linked by the same flux , voltage
induced per turn of the primary and secondary
windings must be the same value and same direction.

This voltage opposes the voltage applied to the primary
winding and is called counter-electromotive force (CEMF).
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Shell - Type Construction
The shell-type transformer is considered the most efficient.
Such transformers are used in transmitting commercial power.

The core of the shell-type transformer is made of laminated
silicon steel sheets placed on top of one another.

The coils are wound around
the central section of the core.

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Cont...
Since the primary and secondary coils are wound close together
around the core, the windings must be highly insulated. A
special insulating material is coated on the wires of both coils.

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For the high voltage used in x-ray, the entire transformer is
immersed in a container filled with a special insulating oil or
gas. The insulating oil also helps to cool the transformer during
operation.

Transformer on DC
Transformer can not work on DC
because if the dc voltage is applied to the primary of the
transformer then the flux linking with the primary will not
vary and will remain constant in magnitude. Therefore no
emf is induced in the secondary.


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Also there is no self induced emf in primary. The resistance
of primary coil is very low and a high current will flow
across the primary which will result burning of primary coil
according to ohms law.
V=IR
This is the reason that DC is never applied to transformers.

Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e.
its winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and
therefore no I
2
R and core loses.

However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in
practice.

Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be
used in characterized the practical transformer
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V
1
V
2

N
1
: N
2

E
1
E
2

I
1
I
2

Thus udder no load condition,
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Transformer Equation
Faradays Law states that,
If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in
the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate of
change in the flux with respect of time.



If we have N turns of wire,


dt
t d
Emf V
ind ind
) ( u
= =
dt
t d
N Emf V
ind ind
) ( u
= =
Lenzs Law
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Transformer Equation
For an ac sources,
Let V(t) = V
m
sinet
i(t) = i
m
sinet
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore:


Thus:

t t
m
e sin ) ( u = u
t N
dt
t d
N Emf V
m
m
ind ind
e e
e
cos
sin
u =
u
= =
m m ind ind
fN N Emf V u = u = = t e 2
(max)
m
m m
rms ind
fN
fN N
Emf u =
u
=
u
= 44 . 4
2
2
2
) (
t e
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Transformer Equation
For an ideal transformer


In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power,
and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer.






From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,


Hence, substitute in (i)
m
m
fN E
fN E
u ==
u ==
2 2
1 1
44 . 4
44 . 4
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
I
I
V
V
I V I V
power output power Input
=
=
=
u u
(i)
2 2 1 1
V E and V E = =
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Transformer Equation



a
I
I
N
N
E
E
Therefore = = =
1
2
2
1
2
1
,
Where, a is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will
determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down
E
1
> E
2
For a >1
For a <1 E
1
< E
2
V
1
V
2

N
1
: N
2

E
1
E
2

I
1
I
2

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Transformer Rating
Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent
Power.
Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and
rated voltage.
2 2 1 1
I V I V VA = =
Where,
I
1
and I
2
= rated current on primary and secondary winding.
V
1
and V
2
= rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

Rated currents are actually the full load currents in
transformer
Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses:
Iron or core losses
i. Hysteresis Loss
ii. Eddy Current Loss
Copper or ohmic losses

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Eddy Currents:
Eddy currents induced in the core cause the core to heat,
resulting in power loss in the transformer.

To reduce eddy currents to a minimum, the material making up
the transformer core is laminated and each strip is sprayed with
an insulating coating.

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Hysteresis Losses:
Since the use of AC causes a rapidly changing magnetic field,
there is a continuous reversal of the magnetic polarity in the core
of the transformer.
The tiny magnetic particles in the core are constantly shifted
around, arranging themselves first in one direction and then in
another, resulting in the development of friction between the
molecules, which produces heat in the core
Since the electrical energy required to shift the molecules around
must come from the primary current, some electrical energy is
wasted.

This loss, hysteresis, can be lessened by using a core material of high
permeability



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Copper or ohmic losses:
Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary
windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the
windings. Copper loss, in watts, can be found using Equation
Copper Loss= I
2
P
R
P+
I
2
S
R
S





I
P
= primary current
I
S
=secondary current
R
P
=primary winding resistance
R
S
=secondary winding resistance




Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of useful
power output to the input power.

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% 100
cos
cos
% 100
% 100 ,
2 2
2 2

+ +
=

+
=
=
cu c
losses out
out
P P I V
I V
P P
P
Power Input
Power Output
Ef f iciency
u
u
q
% 100
cos
cos
% 100
cos
cos
2
) (
) (

+ +
=

+ +
=
cu c
n load
cu c
load full
P n P nVA
nVA
P P VA
VA
u
u
q
u
u
q

Power output = power input power losses
Power input = power output + total losses
= power output + Pi + Pcu
Voltage Regulation
The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the
percentage of voltage drop between no load and full load.
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% 100 .

=
NL
FL NL
V
V V
R V
.

THANK YOU
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Some of the alternating fluxes of transformer may also link with other conducting parts like steel
core or iron body of transformer etc. As alternating flux links with these parts of transformer,
there would be an locally induced emf. Due to these emfs there would be currents which will
circulate locally at that parts of the transformer. These circulating current will not contribute in
output of the transformer and dissipated as heat. This type of energy loss is called eddy current
loss of transformer.