BATU MULIA (gemstone)

BAMBANG PRIADI

Teknik Geologi - ITB

BATU MULIA (gemstone)

BAMBANG PRIADI

Teknik Geologi - ITB

GEMSTONES
Beberapa mineral dan batuan dikenal sebagai batu mulia atau gemstones. berharga karena kenampakan alamnya atau setelah digosok. Sifat fisik yang mempengaruhi kualitas batu mulia kekerasan, warna dan kilap.

Characteristics and classification

Gemstones are described by gemologists using technical specifications. First, what is it made of, or its chemical composition : = Diamonds for example are made of carbon (C), = Rubies of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic. Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as octahedrons.

Characteristics and classification

For example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Emerald (green), aquamarine (blue), bixbite (red), goshenite (colorless), heliodor (yellow), and morganite (pink) are all varieties of the mineral species beryl. = Gems have refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and lustre. = They may exhibit pleochroism or double refraction. = They may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum.
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg

Characteristics and classification

Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions. The gem may occur in certain locations, called the "occurrence."

http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg

MALACHITE botryoidal and banded

CORRUNDUM IN ORTOCLASE

CORRUNDUM RUBY

CORRUNDUM SAPPHIRE (BURMA)

GEMSTONES

EMERALD SAPPHIRE AMETHYS

RUBY

GEMSTONES

OPAL PERIDOT

TOPAZ AQUAMARINE

NATURAL OPALS

GEMSTONES

Olivin / Peridot

GEMSTONES

RUBY

GEMSTONES

Value
Characteristics that make a stone beautiful or desirable are = colour, = unusual optical phenomena within the stone, = an interesting inclusion such as a fossil, = rarity, = and sometimes the form of the natural crystal.

Value
Traditionally, common gemstones were classified into precious stones (cardinal gems) and semi-precious stones. The first category was largely determined by a history of ecclesiastical, devotional or ceremonial use and rarity. Only 5( five) types of gemstones were considered precious diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, and amethyst. Rare or unusual gemstones, which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are scarcely known, include andalusite, axinite, cassiterite, clinohumite and iolite.

GEMSTONES

BAHAN MENTAH (RAW MATERIAL)

OPAL ditemui sebagai urat / pengisi rekahan

OPAL ditemui sebagai urat / pengisi rekahan

AMETHYS (kecubung) termasuk Precious Stones (bersama diamond, ruby, sapphire & emerald). Adanya penemuan melimpah (terutama di Brazilia), menjadikan salah satu sifat amethys sebagai precious stone (jarang/sulit didapat) menjadi berkurang, shg cenderung dimasukkan dalam kelompok Semi Precious Stones

AMETHYS (kecubung) hadir sebagai urat/ pengisi rekahan

AMETHYS (kecubung) hadir sebagai urat/ pengisi rekahan

AMETHYS (kecubung) hadir sebagai urat/ pengisi rekahan

EMERALD hadir sebagai urat/ pengisi rekahan

PENDULANGAN BATUMULIA DI SRILANGKA

Untuk menjadi menarik perlu proses (treatment)

Treatments applied to gemstones

Gemstones are often treated to enhance the color or clarity of the stone. Depending on the type and extent of treatment, they can affect the value of the stone. Some treatments are used widely and accepted in practice while others are not accepted.

1. Heat When heated, yellow and white topaz turn differing shades of pink or green. Amethyst, Aquamarine, Ruby, Tanzanite and Topaz are often heated at high temperatures to enhance color
2. Radiation
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/

Treatments applied to gemstones

2. Radiation Most blue topaz, especially the darker blues such as "London" blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to blue. It is common to irradiate Aquamarine, London Blue Topaz, Emerald, and Diamond as well as other stones. This treatment brings out color and removes imperfections. 3a. Waxing/Oiling Emeralds contain natural fissures that are sometimes filled with wax or oil to disguise them. This wax or oil is also colored to make the emerald appear of better color as well as clarity. Emerald is oiled; turquoise is waxed
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg

Treatments applied to gemstones

3b. Dye (Coloring) This is the most common treatment used. On clear stones, dye may be visible in cracks that are darker than the rest of the stone. Lapis and Rose Quartz are commonly dyed. Amethyst and Citrine are often dyed. Black Onyx is permanently dyed in normal processing. 4. Coatings More recently, some gemstones have been enhanced with a coating that changes the color and appearance of the gem. For instance, topaz is sometimes treated with a layer of titanium dioxide that changes the color to golden with some iridescence. Jasper is often dipped in petroleum products to bring out color and to seal it.

Treatments applied to gemstones

5. Fake stones Some dealers will try passing off fake stones instead of natural ones. If a stone looks too perfect it may be fake, irradiated or dyed. Laboratory made products are known as synthetics. 6. Factors influencing esteem Factors influencing the esteem in which gems are held are attractiveness, durability, rarity, fashion, and size.

http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/

Synthetic and Artificial Gemstones

Some gemstones are manufactured to imitate other gemstones. For example, cubic zirconia is a synthetic diamond simulant composed of zirconium oxide. The imitations copy the look and colour of the real stone but possess neither their chemical nor physical characteristics. However, true synthetic gemstones are not necessarily imitation. For example, diamonds, ruby, sapphires and emeralds have been manufactured in labs, which possess very nearly identical chemical and physical characteristics to the genuine article.

Synthetic and Artificial Gemstones

Synthetic corundums, including ruby and sapphire, are very common and they cost only a fraction of the natural stones. Smaller synthetic diamonds have been manufactured in large quantities as industrial abrasives for many years.

http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg http://www.jewelrymall.com/stones/

GEMSTONES

NATURAL OPALS

SYNTHETIC OPALS

Gemstone List
There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut into gems with 50 species in common use. These include: Agate Alexandrite and other varieties of chrysoberyl

Amethyst (originally a "cardinal gem", but now no longer so, since huge quantities were discovered in Brazil and the price plummeted)
Aquamarine and other varieties of beryl Chrysocolla , Chrysoprase , Diamond , Emerald , Feldspar (moonstone) Garnet , Hematite , Jade - jadeite and nephrite , Jasper , Kunzite

Gemstone List
There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut into gems with 50 species in common use. These include: Lapis lazuli , Malachite Obsidian , Olivine (Peridot) , Opal (Girasol) Pyrite , Quartz and its varieties, such as tiger's-eye, citrine, agate, and amethyst , Ruby , Sapphire, Spinel , Sugilite Tanzanite and other varieties of zoisite Topaz , Turquoise , Tourmaline, Zircon

Minerals that infrequently occur in gem quality form:

Andalusite , Axinite , Benitoite , Bixbite (Red beryl) Cassiterite , Clinohumite , Iolite , Kornerupine Natural moissanite Zeolite (Thomsonite)

Artificial or Synthetic Materials used as gems include:

High-lead glass Synthetic cubic zirconia Synthetic corundum Synthetic spinel Synthetic moissanite

There are a number of Organic Materials used as gems, including:

Amber , Bone , Coral , Ivory Jet (lignite) Mother of pearl Ammolite - from fossils formed from the shells of extinct ammonites, pearl

AMBER as gemstone

AMBER as gemstone

ORGANIC GEMS

AMBER
GETAH TANAMAN, SEJENIS DAMAR

AMBER ROOM
OF KING FREDERICK-I OF PRUSSIA, IN CHARLOTTENBURG

DIAMOND

KENAMPAKAN INTAN DI LAPANGAN

INTAN ditemukan di Martapura thn 2007 (Foto Sudjatmiko, 2008)

KENAMPAKAN INTAN DI LAPANGAN Perhatikan perwakannya, apa sistem kristalnya??

Diamond crystal structure consists of face-centered cubic lattice.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_system

http://jcrs.com/newsletters/2003/images/WorldDiamondMap.jpg

http://www.ckglobaldiamond.com/images/properties-kimberlite.png

Intan (diamond)
terbentuk pada zona dengan tekanan tinggi di mantel bumi, terbawa naik mendekati permukaan oleh aktivitas magmatik sebagai komponen dalam xenolith (fragmen) yang berkomposisi kimberlitik.

Intan (diamond)
terbentuk pada zona dengan tekanan tinggi di mantel bumi, terbawa naik mendekati permukaan oleh aktivitas magmatik sebagai komponen dalam xenolith (fragmen) yang berkomposisi kimberlitik.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/VolcanicPipe.jpg

Intan (diamond) ditemukan sebagai fragmen (xenocryst) dalam batuan berkomposisi kimberlitik.

http://www.ckglobaldiamond.com/images/properties-kimberlite.png

DIAMOND
Diamond is prized highly as a gemstone since it is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is able to reflect light with fire and sparkle when faceted. However, diamonds are far from rare with millions of carats mined each year.

KUALITAS INTAN

KUALITAS INTAN

4-C
C-ut C-olor Potongan, unt memberi efek kilau Warna, intan tak berwarna
kemurnian komposisi terjaga

C-larity Kejernihan, tdk terkotori, tdk retak C-arat Ukuran (berat atau dimensi)

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

http://www.diamondexchange.com. au/i/dxx/education/cut_chart.jpg

INTAN (DIAMOND)
model potongannya (diamond cut)

http://www.twincitydiamonds.com/images/depthofdiamonds2complete_000.JPG

CARAT refers to the weight of the diamond. One carat equals 1/5 of a gram or 200 mgrs. A five-carat diamond weighs one gram. Diamonds weights are measured in carats or fraction of carats called points, with 100 points equalling one carat or two-tenths (0.20) of a gram (i.e. 142, one-carat diamonds would weigh one (1) avoirdupois ounce).

CARAT:
A carat is a measurement used to signify the weight of the diamond. It is the most precise of the four C's. Diamonds are weighed in metric carats; one carat equals 1/5 gram or approximately 0.007 ounces. It takes a little over 142 carats to equal 1 ounce. Every carat is divided into 100 points. Therefore, a 50-point diamond is also called a carat. Diamond weight is so precise that polished diamonds are weighed to a thousandth of a carat and then rounded off to the nearest hundredth (point). Diamonds weighing less than 20 points are often called melee. Another term often used is the term grain, or grainer.

The World's Largest Rough, Uncut, Diamonds

Cullinan - 3,106.75 ct. - 1905, South Africa Excelsior - 995.20ct. - 1893, South Africa Star of Sierra Leone - 968.80ct. - 1972, S-Leone Zale 890.00ct. - 1984, Africa Great Mogul - 787.50ct. - 1650, India Woyie River - 770.00ct. - 1945, Sierra Leone Presidente Vargas - 726.60ct. - 1938, Brazil Jonker - 726.00ct. - 1934, South Africa Reitz 650.80ct. - 1895, South Africa Unnamed - 620.14ct. - 1984, South Africa

INTAN (DIAMOND)
Dimensi ; ukuran, berat 72 carats

478 carats

84 carats

Koh I Noor (Mountain of Light) dari India

semula 793 karat, setelah pemrosesan dll menjadi 109 karat unt mahkota Ratu Inggris Inggris

Tips on Buying Gemstones

Generally, the price of any gemstone is determined by: size, cut, quality (color/clarity/treatments), and type. Here are some questions to ask about quality: = Has it been treated? = Is the stone natural or synthetic? = Are there any noticeable scratches, chips or inclusions? = Is the color even throughout the stone? = How good is the color?

SEKIAN DULU untuk minggu ini

ada yg ingin ditanyakan kah??

TERIMA

KASIH