PRESENTED BY

MD . ZAHEER ANSARI
DEPT.OF APPLIED PHYSICS
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD

DATE : 15-05-2008
 Contents
 What is holography?
 How holograms are recorded and reconstructed?
 Hololens, an introduction.
 Theory of hololens.
 Two hololens imaging system.
 Imaging characteristics.
 Experimental results of the recording and reconstruction of the hololens.
 Experimental results of two hololens imaging system.
 Recording materials for holographic recordings.
 Holographic development.
 Holographic fixations.
 Bleaching process in holography.
 Experimental developing process.
 Results and discussions.
 What is holography?
It is a recording of both amplitude as well as the phase of the light wave
using the phenomenon of interference. Holography is a method evolved by
Danish Gabor in 1947.
 Difference between photography and
holography.
 A photograph represents a two dimensional recording of a three
dimensional scene. what is recorded is the intensity distribution that
prevailed at the plane of the film when it was exposed. Here the three
dimensional character, i.e. the phase distribution is completely lost.
On the other hand holography is a method in which
one not only records the amplitude but also the phase of the light
wave using interferometric methods.
 How holograms are recorded?
 To record the phase of the light wave, holography uses a reference wave which is
combined with the light from the object called object wave.
 Reconstruction of holograms
When the recorded hologram is illuminated with the reference beam, diffraction from
the fringe pattern on the plate reconstructs the original object wave both in amplitude
and phase. That is why the holographic image is of 3D pattern.
Hololens, an introduction
Hololens is a holographic optical element made by holographic methods. They
work by the phenomenon of diffraction. Although they work by diffraction
rather than by reflection or refraction, they obey all the rules of geometrical
optics, and can be used for any purpose that conventional optical elements can
be used for. It is a low aberration optical element.
A hologram of a point source can be generated by the interference
between a spherical waves and a plane wave or between two spherical waves.
Such a hologram can be regarded as a hololens.
A two point hololens has a focal-length of defined by

1/f = (λ c/ λ 0) n [ 1/ R1 +1/ R2 ]

where R1 is the distance from the point source to the hololens vertex, R2 the distance
from the second point source to the hololens vertex, n the diffracted order number, λ 0
the construction wavelength and λ c the wavelength used for reconstruction. Thus the
focal length of a hololens varies linearly with wavelength.
Theory of hololens
point

p
Recording of off-axis hololens
Reconstruction of off-axis hololens
Two hololens imaging system
Recording and playback geometry
A typical system used for imaging experiment is shown in fig.1. The first half of
the system consist of object O , and hololens HL1 , and the second half consist of a
hololens HL2 , and image plane . When the imaging properties of the lenses are
fully taken into account to achieve accurate detail in the image with respect to
phase and amplitude, the distance between HL1 and HL2 is equal to f1 + f2 . Here the
angle between the two beams was 10o .
 Focus
Flipping
of 1800

Collimated
beam f

HL -2

Object 2f
beam or
divergence
beam

o HL - 1
f

Fig1: shows the schematic diagrams of the hololens imaging system

The lenses were place back to obtain a plan wave front from each object point and a
real point focus from a plan wave. Hololens HL1 is used in the imaging system after
being rotated though 1800 with respect to the axis perpendicular to the plan of fig.1 and
illuminated by a diverging beam. The radius of curvature of the wave propagated from
HL1 is given by

1 1 1 1 
= − µ− 
Rl1 RC 
Rr1 Ro1 
1 

Where µ is the ratio of the wave lengths used for reconstructing and recording the
holograms and
RC1 =Rr1 , Rl1= Ro=
1
∞

Ro1 ,Rr1 ,RC1 , and Rl1 are the distance of object, reference, reconstruction and
image points for lens HL1 .
Hololens HL1 is used in the imaging system after being rotated through 1800 with
respect to the axis perpendicular the plane of fig.1. The radius of curvature of the wave
generated from lens HL2 is given by

1 1 1 1 
= − µ− 
Rl2 RC2 R
r2 Ro 2 


for RC2 =Rr2=∞and =l2 Ro2

R
 Where

RC2 =
Rr2 =∞ =l 2 Ro2
and
R ,where
Ro 2 Rr2,RC2, R
and
l2

are the distances of object, reference, reconstruction, and image points for lens HL2 .
This shows that the radius of curvature of the wave exiting lens HL2 is the same as
was recorded.
Imaging characteristics
To assess the aberrations introduce by HL1 and HL2 for the conditions in which they are
fabricated and used in the imaging system according to Champagne[16] the coefficients of spherical
aberrations (S) , coma (CX , CY) , astigmatism (Ax , Ay , Axy ) , the curvature of field (F) , and
distortion (Dx, Dy) can be written as

1 1 1 1
S =−−3
− 
3 
3
RC Ro Rr Rl3
xC xoxr xl
Cx =−−
3
−3 
3
RC Ro Rr Rl3
y yoyr yl
Cy =−C
−3
− 
3 
3
RC Ro Rr Rl3
x 2 C x 2 2
 x 2l
o x r
Ax =−− 3
− 3 
3
RC Ro Rr Rl3
 y 2 C y2 o y 2 y 2l
Ay = −3 −3−  r
3
RC Ro Rr Rl3
xCyC xy x y xlyl
Axy = −3 −o3o− r 3r
RC Ro Rr Rl3

xC2 + yC2 xo2 + yo2 xr2+ yr2 xl2+ yl2

F= 3
− 3
+ 3
−
RC Ro Rr Rl3
xC3 + xC yC2 xo3 + xo yo2 xr3+ xr yr2 xl3+ xl yl2
Dx = 3
− 3
+ 3
−
RC Ro Rr Rl3
yC3 + yC xC2 yo3 + yo xo2 yr3+ yr xr2 yl3+ yl xl2
Dy = 3
− 3
+ 3
−
RC Ro Rr Rl3
 (
Where xCy ,C ) (
xo,y, o xr,y, r ) ( an
xdly
,l ) ( )
are coordinates of the points giving constructing, object, reference and reconstructed
beams respectively. We see that a plane wave propagates between two hololenses , i.e.
R =∞ for the first lens. Lens HL1 is constructed under the condition
l1

R01 = ∞
and played back after being rotated through 1800.Under condition

=
xC1 x =
r1yC1
, yr=
1
−
RC1, Rr1
the coefficients of spherical aberration(S), coma (Cx, Cy), astigmatism (Ax, Ay, Axy ), field
curvature (F), and distortion ( DX, Dy) becomes zero .
The reconstructed beam from the first lens, HL1 , acts as the reconstructing beam for
the second lens, HL2 , under the conditions

RC2 =Rr2 =∞ , Ro2=− Rl2 ,

xo2 =xl2 , yo2 = yl2

The coefficients of spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature and

distortion also become zero for HL2 . The above analysis shows that through the
imaging system shown in fig.1, a point object can be imaged without any
conventional aberration.
 Experimental results of the recording and
reconstruction of the hololens
1.Recording of the hololens

He-Ne
Laser

Microscopic Holographic
objective and plate
conversing lens
2. Reconstruction of the hololens from the
reference beam

Foci of
different
order
Experimental results of two hololens imaging system
First step

HL1
Second step
 A well collimated beam from the first step:

A collimated
beam from HL1
 A focus of a point object using dual
hololens imaging system

Point focus from HL2

 Recording materials
 Silver – halide materials : silver-halide recording materials for holography are interesting for many
reasons. It has high sensitivity in comparison with many other materials. It can be coated on both film
and glass, it can cover even very large formats, it can record both amplitude and phase holograms, and
it has high resolving power and easily available. But it has some drawbacks. It is absorptive; it has
inherent noise and a limited linear response.
 Holographic film plate
 Photographic material for holography must meet specific requirements. This is essential with
very high resolving power, since the dimension of the structure of the interference pattern
recorded are usually of the order of the wavelength of the light used for exposure. A high speed
is also desirable to allow short exposure time.
High-speed film means that the film is very sensitive to light and we can take a picture with
low intensity of light. This means physically that the grain size of the emulsion must be big and
that the resolution will be low. The resolution is expressed in lines pr. millimeter.
There are a number of different types of film plates .The film plate that are chosen in
this thesis is the GEOLA, fine grain silver-halide emulsion PFG-01. These types of film
plate are made to be used with a red light emitting laser.

Table-Filmplatedata
Spectral sensitivityrange
Filmtype Grainsize resolution

PFG-01 40nm 3000linespermm 600–680nm

Characteristic curves:

Figure1: Spectral Sensitivity curves for VRP-M (left) and

PFG-01 (right).
Figure2: DiffractionEfficiencyCurvesforVRP-MandPFG-01 .
Chemical development:
The emulsion contains grains of AgBr in a gelatine layer, which is usually quite
hard. AgBr is transparent as is the gelatine. AgBr is ionic i.e. AgBr interacting with
a photon can result in the removal of the electron

hf + Br - = Br + e –

e – + Ag+ = Ag

In general if a cluster of 4 silver atoms forms within a grain then that cluster is
stable (it does not dissociate back into Ag and an electron) and if we soak the
emulsion in the developer (a reducing agent) then all the grains containing clusters
of 4 silver atoms will be converted entirely to opaque silver. So the spatial variation
in light intensity is now converted to a spatial variation in the silver concentration.
Holographic fixation
After the developing the sensitive emulsion of AgBr is still present on the plate in the
parts unaffected by light. Therefore it is necessary to remove it in order to get the
permanent image. The negative plate after washing is dipped in a fixer solution of
sodium Thiosulphate (hypo). It dissolves the unaffected AgBr but leaves metallic
silver unchanged. Silver thiosulphate is easily soluble and will diffuse from the
emulsion into the fixing bath.
Holographic bleaching process
The conversion of amplitude holograms recorded on the silver-halide materials into
phase holograms is referred to as bleaching. It ensures high diffraction efficiency, so
important for holographic images.
Bleaching converts the silver into a compound whose refractive index is
different from that of Ag+Br- so now there is a spatial modulation of refractive index
(a phase hologram). Bleaching can be regarded as the reverse process of development.
During the development process a silver ion is reduced to free silver and
developed film appears rather dark, whereas during the bleaching process metallic
silver is oxidized to silver ions. For example the action of hydroquinone (the
bleaching element) on silver bromide is

C6H4(OH)2 + 2AgBr + 2OH C6H4O2 +2Ag +2Br +2HOH

The experimental developer process for the
transmission holograms recorded:
In the developer process for transmission holograms, developer from NOVA was used.
This developer is a black-and-white developer.
The developing process:
1. Put the film in the developer. The developing time is 5 minutes at 25oC.
2. Wash the film in flowing water for 30 seconds.

3. Put the film in fixing bath. The fixing time is 5 to 6 minutes

4. Wash the film in flowing water for 30 seconds.

5. Put the film in bleacher for 5 minutes.

6. Wash the film in flowing water until the colour from the bleacher is rinsed away.

7. Let the film stand still when it is drying.

Results and discussions
When first hololens (HL1) is illuminated by a diverging beam (called the object beam), a
parallel beam is reconstructed from it. When This reconstructed (collimated) beam is
allowed to fall on a second hololens (HL2) of the same diffraction efficiency, then a
converging beam is formed from this hololens at its focal plane. Here the focal lengths of
the both the hololenses are
F hlolens = 63 cm
and the angle between the object beam and reference beam for the hololens recorded is
θ = 10o
Thus a diffraction limited two hololens imaging system has been recorded which has been
experimentally tested by imaging an off axial point. Thus the system (Two hololenses)
forms images free from all types of monochromatic aberrations.
 References
 G. Saxby : Practical holography, pp 74-75, 1991
 I. Singstad : Classical holographic technique, pp 22-25, UiB, 1993
 M.Hubel, L.Solymar : Color-reflection holography: Theory and experiment, Applied optics,
Vol.30, 1991
 G.Saxby: Manual of practical holography, pp 93-94, 1991
 W.Lauterborn, T.Kurz, M.Wiesenfeldt : Coherent optics, Springer-verlag, pp 99-106, 1993
 Born and Wolf: Elements of the theory of diffraction, Principles of optics, Pergamon press, 1959
 H.I.Bjelkhagen: Silver-halide recording materials, pp 8-11, Springer verlag, 1993
 Technical information, Diagnostics imaging systems, NDT / Holography
 G.L.Rogers: The design of experiments for recording and reconstructing three-dimensional objects
in coherent light (Holography), J.Sci.Instrum., Vol 43, 1966
 www.holographyforum.org
 www.fou.uib.no
 www.ed.ac.uk
 R.R.A.Sysms and Solymar, analysis of volume holographic lenses, J.Opt.Soc.Am., p. 179, vol.72,
 W.T.Welford, a vector ray tracing for hololenses,opt. commun, , 322- 323 (1975)
 E.B.Champagne, Non paraxial imaging, opt. soc.am. ,57, 51 – 55 (1967)
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and thanks to Dr. A. K.
Nirala for his inspiring guidance, constant encouragement and untiring supervision
throughout my work.

I wish to offer my sincere thanks to all the faculty members and staff of the
Department of Applied Physics, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad for
their necessary help and encouragement in carrying out this work.

I am also thankful to all Research Scholars and my friends for extending his
helping hand whenever I was need in during this work.

Finally I want to acknowledge my deep thanks for the immense moral support and
encouragement which I have received from my parents.