Face Recognition

Vijay Kumar Bohat Assistant Professor (CSE)

Facial-scans strengths

It has the ability to leverage existing image acquisition equipment. It can search against static images such as drivers license photographs. It is the only biometric able to operate without user cooperation. ...

Facial-scans weaknesses

Changes in acquisition environment reduce matching accuracy. Changes in physiological characteristics reduce matching accuracy. It has the potential for privacy abuse due to noncooperative enrollment and identification capabilities.

Components

How Facial-Scan Technology Works?

Steps: Image Acquisition Image Processing Distinctive Characteristics Extraction Template Creation Template Matching

Competing Facial-Scan Technologies

Eigenface Feature Analysis Neural Network Automatic Face Processing

Eigenfaces

Eigenface, roughly translated as ones own face, is a technology patented at MIT that utilizes a database of two-dimensional, grayscale facial images (Eigenfaces) from which templates are created during enrollment and verification.

Eigenface...

Eigenfaces are a set of eigenvectors used in the computer vision problem of human face recognition. The approach of using eigenfaces for recognition was developed by Sirovich and Kirby (1987) and used by Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland in face classification. It is considered the first successful example of facial recognition technology.

Eigenfaces...

These eigenvectors are derived from the covariance matrix of the probability distribution of the high-dimensional vector space of possible faces of human beings.

Eigenface...

Feature Analysis

Feature Analysis

The most widely utilized facial recognition technology. This technology is related to Eigenface, but is more capable of accommodating changes in appearance or facial aspect (smiling versus frowning, for example). Visionics, a prominent facial recognition company, uses Local Feature Analysis (LFA), which can be summarized as a reduction of facial features to an irreducible set of building elements.

Feature Analysis...

Feature analysis derives enrollment and verification templates from dozens of features from different regions of the face and also incorporates the relative location of these features. The extracted features are building blocks, and boththe type of blocks and their arrangement are used for identification and verifi-cation.

Facial recognition spacing of facial features.

Feature Analysis...

The extracted features are building blocks, and both the type of blocks and their arrangement are used for identification and verification. It anticipates that the slight movement of a feature located near ones mouth will be accompanied by relatively similar movement of adjacent features. Since feature analysis is not a global representation of the face, it can accommodate angles up to approximately 25 degrees in the horizontal plane, and approximately 15 degrees in the vertical

Neural Network

Neural network systems employ algorithms to determine the similarity of the unique global features of live versus enrolled or reference faces, using as much of the facial image as possible. Neural systems are designed to learn which features are most effective within the body of users that the system is intended to serve.

Neural Network...

Features from both the enrollment and the verification faces vote on whether there is a match. An incorrect vote, such as a false match, prompts the matching algorithm to modify the weight it gives to certain facial features. Neural network systems learn which features are most effective for matching and pragmatically adjust themselves based on the methods that have proven most effective.

Neural Network...

Since these technologies are capable of learning over time, they may be capable of reducing the time-based performance problems found in many facial-scan systems. An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a crude model, or abstraction of biological neurons. Artificial neurons are the constitutive units in an artificial neural network.

Automatic Face Processing

Automatic face processing (AFP) is a more rudimentary technology, using distances and distance ratios between easily acquired features such as eyes, end of nose, and corners of mouth. Though overall not as robust as Eigenfaces, feature analysis, or neural network, AFP may be more effective in dimly lit, frontal image-capture situations. It is often used in booking station applications in which environmental conditions are more controlled.

Facial-Scan Deployments

Facial-scan is generally deployed in environments where existing acquisition technology or facial images are in place, such as public-sector ID card applications, surveillance systems, and booking stations.

Facial-Scan Weaknesses
Face recognition is not perfect and struggles to perform under certain conditions. Ralph Gross, a researcher at the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute, describes one obstacle related to the viewing angle of the face: "Face recognition has been getting pretty good at full frontal faces and 20 degrees off, but as soon as you go towards profile, there've been problems." Other conditions where face recognition does not work well include poor lighting,

References

Samir Nanavati, Michael Thieme, Raj Nanavati, Biometrics: Identity Verification in a Netwrorked World, 1st Edition, 2008 Wiley http://visgraph.cs.ust.hk/biometrics/Papers/M ulti_Modal/com-pami1993-10-01.pdf http://doras.dcu.ie/285/1/lncs_3212.pdf http://www.securityrevue.com/article/2011/01 /close-circuit-television-camerassurvelliance-and-biometric-identificationsystem/ http://www.surrey.ac.uk/cvssp/research/facia l_analysis/

Require Knowledge Set:

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/s ection5/pmc541.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix