Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Mine Gases
Air is mixture of Gases. It is colorless, odourless and tasteless. Composition of Air: Oxygen: 20.93% Nitrogen: 78.11% Carbon dioxide: 0.03% Inert gases: 0.93% Water vapour: variable
Units of Gases
Gases are usually measured in Percentage (%) by volume and ppm. Since both of these units of measurements are volume relationship, they are easily converted to one another. Interconversion of PPM & Percentage: For PPm multiply by 10,000. For Percentage divide by 10,000
CO : Health Effects
a). Formation of carboxyhemoglobin : The o2 combine with the hemoglobin on blood to form oxyhemoglobin while co combine with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin and prevent absorption of O2. b). Blood Saturation: As the formation of carboxyhemoglobin increase the red cell available for the formation of oxyhemoglobin become less and consequently blood become saturated with CO.
Contamination limit:
The 8-hrs average limit for co is 29mg/m3 or 25 ppm (the occupational health and safety Regulation 1996) For u/g operaions, the limit for co is 25ppm.
Properties of CO:
It is colourless, odourless and tasteless. It is extremely poisonous. Sp. Gr is 0.97. Found as a layer towards the roof in mines. It is slightly soluble in water. It burn with pale blue flame to form co2. It has an explosive range from 12.5 to 74%. Such concentration are unlike to result from a mine fire. Unless the fire is confined and O2 starved.
Origin of CO
CO is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon based materials. The burning or detonation of explosive also produce co and it is emitted from the exhaust of internal combustion engines.
Detection methods
Electronic gas detectors and direct dealing colourmetric tubes are available for co. Electronic gas detectors are better for the lower concentration experienced in the normal working environment.
Exposure Effect
Absorption of co into the blood stream depends upon: Exposure time Gas concentration Working being performed
Exercise, high temperature, humidity and emotion stress tend to increase the heart rate and thus the absorption of co.
Degree of saturation
b= 4ate/100
o b: blood saturation by carboxy hemoglobin as a % o a: co concentration in ppm o t: time of exposure in hrs o e: factor showing activity
1: at rest 2: walking 3: moderate work