CHAPTER Multiplexing

Chapter Objectives
Describe direct and inverse multiplexing List and explain the different types of multiplexing techniques used in electronic and optical transmission Give illustrative examples of the use of multiplexers in the field

Chapter Modules
Direct and inverse multiplexing Listing of multiplexing techniques and Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division and Wave Division Multiplexing Practical multiplexer connections

MODULE 1

Direct and Inverse Multiplexing

Overview Of Direct Multiplexing

Direct multiplexing or multiplexing is the same as channel splitting It means the splitting of one physical line into multiple communication channels A communication channel is one that engages in a communication session The usage of the term multiplexing in general means direct multiplexing

Direct Multiplexing Example

Session 1 Session 1

Session 2

Mux

Mux

Session 2

Session 3

Session 3
One physical line carrying multiple channels.

Sample Application Areas

Mainframe-based communication Long-distance links Fiber-optic communication
A relatively new introduction

Digital lines such as DSL

Overview Of Inverse Multiplexing

Combination of multiple transmission lines or multiple communication channels to support a single communication session Binding of multiple transmission lines for the purpose of engaging in a single communication session

Inverse Multiplexing
One communication channel

Session 1

Inv.. Mux

Inv.. Mux

Session 1

Multiple Transmission Lines

Bonding
Inverse multiplexing is also known as bonding when it is done dynamically
For example, this can be achieved in modem and ISDN transmission

Bonding is normally carried out dynamically

Sample application Areas

Video conferencing
Conducted over ISDN lines

T-1 line inverse multiplexing ATM inverse multiplexing

Inverse Multiplexing with Analog Lines

The primary purpose is to increase the speed of Internet connection made over regular analog telephone lines Modems are being introduced to combine analog telephone lines Combination of two lines operating at 56K bps each results in an effective communication speed of 112K bps

In Summary
Direct multiplexing
Maximize the economical use of cables

Inverse multiplexing
Increase the communication speed of a single communication session

END OF MODULE

MODULE 2

Communication Lines, Channels and Sessions

Lines, Channels and Sessions

A transmission line is a physical medium that carries the information
Coaxial cable

A communication channel is a conduit for the flow of information

Multiple channels in physical medium

A communication session is the actual process of engaging in a communication task

One Transmission Line and Multiple Communication Channels

Line

Channels

Mainframe

Coaxial cable

Terminals

Multiple Transmission Lines and One Communication Session

2 B Channels each operating at 64K bps
Micro

Single Session

Multiple ISDN lines (multiple B channels).

Combined speed = 6 X 64 = 384K bps

One Transmission Line, One Channel and Multiple Sessions

Internet Micro Data Packets

Internet client engaged in multiple communication sessions.

END OF MODULE

MODULE 3

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Multiplexing Techniques
Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Statistical Time Division Multiplexing Wave Division Multiplexing

Direct Multiplexing Techniques

Frequency Division Multiplexing
Channel division is based on frequency

Time Division Multiplexing

Time slots are assigned for each channel

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

A variation of Time Division Multiplexing concept that optimizes on the concept of Time Division multiplexing

Wave Division Multiplexing, the multiplexing is based on different wavelengths of light

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Analog
F1 F2 F3 MUX F1

MUX

F2 F3

Each channel is assigned A different frequency (Half-duplex Example)

Computer Communication Using FDM

Digital
Modem Micro

Analog
Analog

MUX

One or Modems May Be Incorporated Within the Multiplexer As Well.

END OF MODULE

MODULE 4
Time Division and Wave Division Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing in a Nutshell

Time division simply allows a fixed period of time for communication for each channel

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Digital T1 T2 T3 MUX Modem

Analog

T1

T2

T3

T1

T2

T3

Time slots are equally divided among channels.

Salient Features of Time Division Multiplexing

Each channel is assigned a fixed period of time for transmission The opportunity to transmit is given on a round-robin basis Time division multiplexers can therefore processes the information in digital form A modem is only required to connect a multiplexer to an analog line

Drawback with Time Division Multiplexing

TDM assigns a fixed period of time for each channel When a channel does not have any information to transmit during the allocated time period, it still remains connected
Either part or the entire portion of the allocated time period is wasted

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

Digital T1 T2 T3 MUX Modem

Analog

T1

T2 T3 T2

T3

Time slots are not equally divided among channels.

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing Properties

STDM is similar to TDM except for one difference
A time slice may be shortened due to the absence of data for transmission

Each channel is initially assigned a fixed period of time

The time period is forfeited in part or in full if there is no data to be transmitted

Obviously, STDM is more efficient than TDM

END OF MODULE

MODULE 5

Wave Division Multiplexing

Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Similar to FDM
Light waves are involved in place of electronic signals

The term wave length is used instead of the term frequency

Note that the wave length is inversely proportional to frequency

Used in fiber optics transmission

Wave Division Multiplexing Connection

Light rays of different wave lengths (frequencies) are assigned for different channels.

W1
W2

W1
W2 W3

W3

Detect and differentiate light rays of different wave lengths at the receiving end.

END OF MODULE

MODULE 6

Practical Multiplexer Connections

Module Objectives
Provide practical examples in the use of multiplexers
Use of multiplexers in a mainframe environment Use of multiplexers in Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Use Of Multiplexers in a Mainframe Environment

Cluster Controller MUX Modem Modem

MUX

Terminal

Terminal

Terminal

Wide Area Multiplexing

San Francisco 56 kbps Mainframe MUX FEP MUX MUX

56 Kbps

Modem

112 kbps

Wide Area Multiplexing Cont.

Los Angeles 112 56 Mod. Mod. Long Beach

56
18.6 18.6 18.6 28 28

Term.

Term.

Term.

Term.

Term.

Wide Area Multiplexing Observation

Multiple channels are multiplexed and de-multiplexed A combination of multiplexers can be used in combining faster and slower channels

END OF MODULE END OF CHAPTER