Consciousness

Awareness Attention Selective Attention Divided Attention

Dichotic Listening

Consciousness
Ways of Studying Consciousness Structuralism Introspection Behaviorism Psychophysiology

Subjective Report

Consciousness
Altered States of Consciousness Dreaming Drug States Hypnosis

Meditation
Near Death Experiences

Sleep & Dreaming

Stages of Sleep REM Rebound How Much Sleep? Disorders

The Purpose of Sleep

Dreams

Drug States: Types of Drugs

Stimulants Amphetamine Depressants Alcohol

Cocaine
Ecstasy (MDMA) Nicotine Caffeine Hallucinogens

Barbiturates
Valium Narcotics

LSD
Mescaline PCP Psilocybin Marijuana

Drug States: Addiction

Tolerance Habituation

Opponent Process Theory

Opposite Aftereffects Return to Baseline Effects of Repeated Usage Dependence Withdrawal

Drug States: Other Factors

Dosage Mode of Ingestion Prior Experience Set (Expectancy)

LO 4.4

Stages of sleep

Stages of Sleep and Brain Waves

Electroencephalograph (EEG) - allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.

Stages of Sleep and Brain Waves

Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation.
Relaxed but awake: Alpha waves

Theta waves - brain waves indicating early stages of sleep.

Stage 1: Theta waves appear Light sleep; person may claim to still be awake Hypnogogic sensations may occur (floating, falling) and can be incorporated into real memories Hypnogogic = sensory experiences without sensory stimuli
Hypnic jerk knees, legs, or whole body jerks

Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity) Asleep but may respond to some events, such as ringing phone Sleeptalking may occur

Hypnosis
Hypnosis altered state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion 4 Elements of Hypnosis: focus relax accept suggestions use imagination

1. 2. 3. 4.

Clinical Hypnosis
Posthypnotic amnesia temporary explicit memory loss, but memories are still there, can affect behavior, and usually returns to conscious awareness Posthypnotic suggestion - suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors Most effective for pain control, headaches, asthma, skin and weight conditions (psychologically-based) Less effective for addictions (physiologically-based) Power of believing is the key