Material Ch33&34

Teaching Resources IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ.
, INSDAG Calcutta 1
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Teaching Resources IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta 2
Introduction
Bolted Connections
Bolts and Bolting
Force Transfer Mechanism
Failure of Connections

In shear
In tension
Combined shear and tension
Block shear

CONTENTS
Analysis of Bolt Groups
Combined Shear and Moment in-Plane
Combined Shear and Moment out-of-plane
Beam and Column Splices
Beam to Column Connections
Beam to Beam Connections
Truss Connections
Fatigue Behaviour

CONTENTS -1
INTRODUCTION
Designed more conservatively than members because they are more
complex to analyse and discrepancy between analysis and design is
large

In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in
connection

Connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel
work

Connection design has influence over member design

Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types

Effected through rivets, bolts or weld

Codal Provisions

Concentric Connections
(a)
(b)
Moment Connections
(a)
(b)
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Classification based on type of resultant force transferred
Shear Connections
a) Lap Connection b) Butt Connection
support
(a)
(b)
Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS -!
Single
shear
Double
shear
Classification based on type of force in the bolts
BOLTS AND BOLTING
Bolt Grade: Grade 4.6 :- f
u
= 40 kgf/mm
2
and f
y
= 0.6*40 = 24 kgf/mm
2

Bolt Types: Black, Turned & Fitted, High Strength Friction Grip
Black Bolts:
usually Gr.4.6,
made snug tight,
ductile and cheap,
only static loads
Turned & Fitted;
Gr.4.6 to 8.8,
Close tolerance drilled holes,
0.2% proof stress
HSFG Bolts:
Gr.8.8 to 10.9,
less ductile,
excellent under dynamic/fatigue loads
snug-tight
position
turn
position
Tightening of HSFG bolts
Feeler gauge
TIGHTENING OF HSFG BOLTS
1) Turn-of-nut Tightening
2) Calibrated Wrench Tightening
3) Alternate Design Bolt Installation
4) Direct Tension Indicator Method
(a) Standard (b) Oversized
(c )Short Slot
(d) Long slot
Hole types for HSFG bolts
Bolt Shear Transfer Free Body Diagram
(a) Bearing Connection
(b) Friction Connection
T
Frictional Force T
Clamping Force, P
O

Bearing stresses
Tension
in bolt
T
T
T
Clamping Force, P
O

FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(b) HSFG
Connection
Bearing type
connection
2T

T

T

2T

T
o
T
o
T
o
+AT T
o
+AT
Proof Load
Po
Bolt
force
B kN
Applied load 2T (kN)
HSFG
Bearing
type
( c) External Tension
versus bolt force
BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
(d) Prying Effect
Q Q
B
A
b
n
T+Q
2T
T+Q
PRYING EFFECT AND END PLATE DESIGN
Minimum prying force Q is given by

(
=
2
4
27
2
nb
wt p
T
n
b
Q
o
|
y
o
p
p
t n

=
|
The corresponding prying force can then be obtained as Q = M
p
/n.
If the total force in the bolt (T+Q) exceeds the tensile capacity of the bolt,
then the thickness of the end plate will have to be increased.
Qn Tb M Qn M
B A
= = ;
p B A
M
Tb
M M = = =
2
4 15 . 1
2
wt
p
M
y
p
=
w p
M
t
y
p

=
4 15 . 1
min
| =2 (non-preloaded)
= 1.5 for limit state design
w = width/pair of bolts
Po= proof load in consistent units
n is the minimum of end distance or
the minimum thickness of the plate is obtained as follows
FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS
(a) Shearing of Bolts
(b) Bearing on Bolts
(c) Bearing on Plates
Zone of
plastification
Fig. 9 Shear Connections with Bearing Bolts
P
s
= p
s
A
s
where A
s
= 0.8A
P
bb
= p
bb
d t
P
bs
= p
bs
d t s e t p
bs
FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS-1
Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts
(a) Slip Resistance
(b) Bearing on Plates
P
sl
= 1.1 K
s
p
o
P
bg
= p
bg
d t s 1/3 e t p
bg
K
s
=1.0 (clearance hole)
= 0.45 (untreated surfaces)
p
o
= proof load
Bolt strengths

Bolt grade

4.6

8.8

Shear strength p
s

160

375

Bearing strength p
bb

435

970

Tension strength p
t

195

450

Steel grade

ST42S

Gr.43

Gr.50

Bearing bolts p
bs

418

460

550

HSFG bolts p
bg

650

825

1065

Table 1 Bolt Strengths in Clearance Holes in MPa
Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa
DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
f
t
/P
t

1 0.4
Shear and Tension
Interaction Curve
f
s
/P
s

1
0.4
COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION
4 . 1 s +
t
t
s
s
P
f
P
f
0 . 1 8 . 0 s +
t
t
sl
sl
P
f
P
f
(a) Bearing Bolts
(a) HSFG Bolts
Block Shear
BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
T
A
B C
) ( ) (
5 . 0 6 . 0
BC e y AB e y
A p A p T + =
Capacity=Shear Capacity of AB + Tension Capacity of BC
T = (0.62 A
vg
f
y/
M0
+ A
tn
f
u
/
M1
)
or
T= (0.62 A
vn
f
u
/
M1
+ A
tg
f
y
/
M0
)
GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN
M = Td
Standard Connections (a) moment
connection (b) simple connection
e
V
T
C
d V
(a) (b)
Assumptions in traditional analysis
Connection elements are assumed to
be rigid compared to the connectors
Connector behaviour is assumed to
be linearly elastic
Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths
Provide stiffness according to the
assumed behaviour
ensure adequate ductility and rotation
capacity
provide adequate margin of safety

COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT IN PLANE
Bolt group eccentrically
loaded in shear
u
P
r
i

R
mi

O
x
y
Bolt shear due to P
x
and P
y

R
xi
= P
x
/n and R
yi
= P
y
/n
M = P
x
y + P
y
x
R
mi
= k r
i
M
i
= k r
i
2
MR = E k r
i
2
= k E r
i
2
Bolt shear due to M
R
mi
=M r
i
/E r
i
2

( ) ( ) | |
2 2
sin cos
i mi yi i mi xi i
R R R R R u u + + + =
(
(
+
+ +
(
(
+
+ =

2
2 2
2
2 2
) ( ) (
i i
i
y
i i
i x
i
y x
Mx
n
P
y x
My
n
P
R
Combined shear
COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT OUT-OF-PLANE
Bolt group resisting out-of-plane moment
T
i

d
l
i
L
i

NA
d/6
L
i

(a) (b) (c)
C
T
i
= kl
i
where k = constant

M = E T
i
L
i
= k E l
i
L
i

T
i
= Ml
i
/E l
i
L
i

Shear assumed to be shared equally and bolts
checked for combined tension+(prying)+shear
BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICE
Bolted Beam Splice
(a)Conventional
Splice
(b) End-Plate
Splice
Strength, stiffness and ease in erection
Assumptions in
Rolled-section
& Plate Girders
Column Splices bearing type or HSFG moment splices
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
(a) Simple transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity
Used in non-sway frames with bracings etc.
Used in frames upto 5 storeys

(b) Semi-rigid model actual behaviour but make analysis
difficult (linear springs or Adv.Analysis). However lead
to economy in member designs.

(c) Rigid transfer significant end-moments undergoing
negligible deformations. Used in sway frames for
stability and contribute in resisting lateral loads and
help control sway.
V
Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle
b) Web cleats c) Curtailed end plate
e
(a) (b) (c)
(a) Economical when automatic saw and drill lines are available
Check end bearing and stiffness of seating angle
Clip angle used for torsional stability
(b) If depth of cleats < 0.6d design bolts for shear only
(c) Eliminates need to drill holes in the beam. Limit depth and thickness
t < |/2 (Gr.8.8) and |/3 (Gr.4.6)
Rigid beam-to-column connections a) Short end plate
b) Extended end plate c) Haunched
column
web
stiffeners
diagonal
stiffener
web
plate
(a) (b) (c)
BEAM-TO-BEAM AND
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
(a) Apex Connection
Truss Connections
(b) Support connection
Gusset
Plate
Splice
plate
Gusset
Plate
e
support
Beam-beam connections similar to beam-column connections
Moment continuity may be obtained between secondary beams
Check for torsion in primary beams
FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Fatigue leads to initiation and growth of cracks under fluctuating stresses
even below the yield stress of the material (High-cycle fatigue)

Fatigue cracks grow from points of stress concentrations
To avoid stress concentrations in bolted connections
Use gusset plates of proper shape
Use match drilling
Use HSFG bolts

Fatigue also depends on range of stress fluctuations and reversal of stress
pre-tensioned HSFG avoid reversals but lead to fretting corrosion

Fatigue design carried out by means of an S-N curve on a log-log scale
Components are designed below the endurance limit

Thank You

Material Ch33&34

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Teaching Resources IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ.

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Material Ch33&34

Material Ch33&34