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Parasites of renal and perirenal tissues (aberrantly, axial musculature and spinal canal) of swine. Earthworms serve as facultative intermediate hosts
LIFE CYCLE Preparasitic development from egg to L3 is typically strongyloid, though earthworms may intervene as transport hosts. There are three modes of infection: by ingestion of the free L3s (A), ingestion of earthworms carrying L3s (B), and skin penetration by L3s (C).
LIFE CYCLE
Ingested larvae exsheath in the intestine (D), enter lymphatic vessels and pass to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the first molt occurs. Molting larvae can be found in the nodes anywhere from 1 to 9 days after infection. They continue on to the liver (E), where the final molt takes place. Following ingestion of infected earthworm transport hosts, L3s are released in the gut as the earthworm is digested. The released L3s migrate to the liver as described above.
INGESTION
LIFE CYCLE
Larvae infecting pigs via skin penetration probably molt to L4s in subcutaneous tissues and reach the liver via the lungs (H) and systemic circulation (I).
SKIN PENETRATION
LIFE CYCLE
In the liver young adults wander in the parenchyma for three months or more before piercing the capsule and migrating through the peritoneal cavity to the perirenal region (F). There they become enclosed in a cyst by host reaction, and complete their development. The cyst communicates with the ureter either directly or, if it is more distant, by a fine connecting canal, allowing the worm eggs to be excreted in the urine via the bladder (J).
SKIN PENETRATION
LIFE CYCLE
Occasionally, abberrant migration occurs with worms ending up in the pancreas (G), muscle, and other organs of the host where they are trapped by encapsulation and never reach the perirenal area.
SKIN PENETRATION
The prepatent period ranges from 6 to 19 months and adult worms have a longevity of about two years .
There are reports in the literature supporting a case for transmission of this nematode to piglets in utero.
The infection is a herd problem and the general picture is one of lack of growth and wasting in the pig herd.
At post mortem
Decomposition takes place rapidly in animals that have died from the results of this infection.
Since patency of S. dentatus does not usually occur until animals are 2 years old a policy of gilts-only breeding in which gilts are bred only once and then sold before kidney worms develop to maturity is advocated.
Family Syngamidae Includes the genera: 1 .Syngamus 2. Mammomonogamus 3. Cyathostoma (not Cyathostomum) All 3 have large buccal capsules, and male and females of Syngamus and Mammomonogamus are permanently fused in copula. Earthworm serve as intemediate hosts.
Syngamus trachea gapeworm Hatching may not occur. Infection occurs on ingested of the egg or free infective larvae. The infective larvae may be swallowed by earthworms, snails, slugs, flies and other arthropods and become encysted and live in these IH for several months or years.
Mammomonogamus - are in copulo They are parasites of the trachea and nasal sinuses of mammals
Cyathostoma (not Cyathostomum) - Not permanently in copulo - occurs in the trachea and bronchi and in some cases in the nasal and orbital cavities of geese, ducks, swans and gulls.
Stomach worms
Three species of stomach worms commonly occur in swine: a. Hyostrongylus rubidus: red stomach worm ( a trichostrongyle)
Physocephalus eggs:
Thick-walled, larvated, spiruroid type eggs. ( 22 26u x 41 45 u) Ascarops eggs may be slightly smaller (34 39u x 15 17 u) but are difficult to distinguish from Physocephalus
Life cycle are of trichostrongyle and spiruroid types, worms are common in pastured swine. Rx Hyostrongylus(TBZ, levamisole, dichlorvos); spiruroids (dichlorovos).
Thick-walled, larvated egg, spiruroid type egg, larger than stomach worm eggs.
Non-pathogenic, life cycle of spiruroid type, may also occur in mucosa of the esophagus.
ORDER SPIRURIDA
(characterized by having microfilaria and using arthropods as intermediate hosts)
Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)
Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)
Trichinella in muscle
Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)
Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)
onchocercoma
X- Section of onchocercoma
X-section of onchocercoma
Adult Brugia
Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceus eggs (67 110u x 40 65u) Thick-shelled, dark brown, football-shaped
They can be differentiated from ascarids by presence of proboscis, and wrinkled sometimes flat appearance
PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA
(spiny headed worm)
Acanthocephala feeding
Gongylonema spp
S. lupi adult
Lesions
aorta esophagus
Associated lesions
typical lesion
head
Male
Male tail
female
Ollulanus tricuspis
Adult male
Ollulanus tricuspis
Adult male
Ollulanus tricuspis
Adult male
Ollulanus tricuspis
Adult male
Adult worm in situ. Note that the tissue of the kidney has been destroyed.
Egg found in the urine (compare to P. (C.) plica, which is also found in the urine). This egg measures 65 X 42 m.