Quasi Phase Matching

Quasi Phase Matching

Periodic modification of properties of NL medium
Correct relative phase at regular interval without matching phase velocity

QPM does not rely on BPM, only polarization can be used, including cases where all waves parallelly polarized with respect to one another Largest deff found in ferroelectrics LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and isotropic media GaAs where BPM is not possible

Domain Reversal
Electric Field poling in bulk crystals of ferroelectric families, KTP families Patterning a periodic electrode on one surface of the crystal Applying voltage to produce a field exceeding coercive field to reverse domains in electrode region LiNbO3/LiTaO3:Transparent near UV LiNbO3-28pm/V, absorption edge:220nm, shortest shg:386 nm LiTaO3-16pm/V, absorption edge:277nm, shortest shg:325 nm Mid-infrared: Multi-photon Absorption-4-5 m-> limit high power operation CW interaction:6.6m Short pulse operation:7.25 m Photorefractive effect->MgO doping GRIIRA Mg-LN: Grating period-1.4m, thickness-1mm Challenge in increasing thickness due to pulsed poling, diffusion bonding

Other Crystals
KTP families: d33-17,15,16 pm/V QPM SHG wavelength: PPKTP: minimum-359 nm, maximum 2.74 m Length- 8mm Resistant to photo-refraction Gray tracking-long lived color centers under intense visible radiation Depends on ->intensity, spot diameter , pulse repetition rate, method of crystal growth. Draw back: Multi-photon absorption Difficulty in average power operation Semiconductor families: III-V, II-VI mid-IR application GaAs: 95 pm/V, transparent upto 3 phonon peak-12m Thermal Conductivity-52W/m-k Coherence length-10-100 m Challenge- in fabrication, corresponds to high loss Grating period achieved-40m in.5mm thick crystal, 20m in 200 m thick crystal

Grating
Transversely varying grating
Multi grating,->array of grating fan grating->continuous tuning of QPM based on wavelength angled grating->Tilt domain pattern at small angle to o/p facet of crystal

Radially varying grating

Uniformely patterned grating->conversion will vary radially, leaving a radially varying length of medium unpoled deff vary radially, with radially varying duty cycle of QPM grating

Longitudinally varying grating

Multigrating->two or more grating in sequence in same crystal->phase matching SHG in 1st grating ->combine with fundamental and produce 3rd harmonic in 2nd grating->reduced no of interface, simpler anti-reflection coating requirement

Analytical expression for grating

Analytical expression for grating

Different gratings
Linear-chirped gratings

Apodized gratings

Fibbonacci gratings

Different gratings
Phase reversed gratings

Periodically chirped gratings

Summed component aperiodic gratings

Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process

Numerical modeling of stochastic domain errors

Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process
effect of periodicity

Duty cycle fluctuations

Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process
External factors

LiNbO3-properties
Photorefractive Effect Pyro-electric Effect Piezo electric Effect

Photorefractive Effect
Extrinsic defect- presence of Fe+. Cu+,Rh+ in LN->intermediate energy level between conduction and valence band ->electrons in that level get optically excited for long exposure to laser beam->electrons migrate to Conduction band leaving holes and diffuse through crystal to low-intensity region>generation of local electric field changing refractive index

Reduction of Photorefractive effect

Application of external Electric field to cancel photo-induced internal Electric field at 170C->Limit operation in visible range Dope with Mg,Zn, Hf which are photoresistant, beyond Optical Damage Threshold which enhance optical damage Below ODT- dopant occupying Nb5+Li+ Above ODT-dopant replaces Nb/Li Non-dopant LN-tolerate 10KW/sq.cm Near stoichiometry-1000KW/sq.cm due to fewer intrinsic defects, no impurities ODT @ MG-LN- 4.6 mol% MgO->100 fold increase in Optical damage resistance ODT@Zn-LN--6 mol% Zn->Zn replaces Nb5+Li below ODT, Zn replaces Li+ above ODT

Pyro-electric effect

FDTD in 2D Lithium Niobate