EDU 3102: CHILD DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC 3: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PRESENTED BT: NOR HIDAYAH BT ROSLEE NURUL FATIMATUL ZAHRA BT AZHA NURUL NAZIHAH BT MOHD ZUBIR SULAIM BT A. RAHMAN

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Concept and Definition

Theory

Factors Affecting Physical Development

Physical Development -Prenatal

-Postnatal

Implication to the Teaching and Learning

DO YOU KNOW??
Physical development refers to physical changes, rate of growth of different body parts, the functions of the body parts and human features (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007)

The changes influence a childs behaviour directly and indirectly (Hurlock, 1978)

THEORY

 Arnold Gesell pursued the task of observing and recording the changes in child growth and development from infancy through adolescence.

Gesell is a maturationist; his descriptions of developmental patterns in childhood emphasize physical and mental growth that he saw as determined primarily by heredity.
He categorized these typical behaviors into 10 major areas that he called gradients of growth (Gesell & Ilg, 1949)

GRADIENTS OF GROWTH (GESELL & ILG, 1949)

Motor characteristics. These include bodily activity, eyes, and hands.

Personal hygienic

These include eating, sleeping, elimination, bathing and dressing, health and somatic complaints, and tensional outlets. These include affective attitudes, crying, assertion, and anger.

Emotional expression.

Fears and dreams.

Children try to avoid their scary things and love doing their favourite things.

Self and sex.

Children possibly develop secondary sex characteristics.

Interpersonal relations.

These include mother-child, childchild, and groupings in play.

Play and pastimes.

These include general interests, reading, music, radio, and cinema.

School life.

These include adjustment to school, classroom demeanor, reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Ethical sense.

These include blaming; response to direction, punishment, praise; response to reason; sense of good and bad; and truth and property.

Philosophic outlook.

These include time, space, language and thought, war, death, and deity.

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Basic Principle in Physical Development

i. Development starts from the head down to the legs. Develop the size of the head -> body -> legs -> head Ability to control the head movement -> hand -> leg

ii. Growth direction starts from the middle part of the body and proceeds outwards. Backbone is developed and moves outwards -> heart, other organ -> legs -> hands Eagerness for the baby to touch the objects using his hands.

iii) The childs ability becomes clear and

specific.

As the child grows up, they find many ways of revealing his emotional feelings. iv) The physical aspect develops a different stages. Legs and hands may develops to maximum development during adolescence but shoulder take a longer time.

e.g: Baby One Year Growth

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

i. Genetic ii. Environment

INHERITED DISEASE

GENETICS

Genetic diseases can be inherited because they are mutations in the germ cells of the body - the cells involved in passing genetic information from parents to offspring. Many genetic diseases are multifactorialthey are caused by mutations in several genes compounded by environmental factors. Some examples of these are heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

5. INHERITED TRAIT
A trait or character that is genetically inherited or passed down from generation to generation.

Examples of inherited traits: dimples tongue rolling longer second toe than big toe (or vice versa) left-thumbed or right-thumbed when interlocking fingers earlobes as either attached or unattached

Inherited traits include things such as hair color, eye color, muscle structure, bone structure, and even features like the shape of a nose.

EYE COLOUR

DIMPLES

EARLOBE

ENVIRONMENT
1. FOOD

o Not only the amount of food

o The vitamin contain in the food is important and the quantity as well.

3. ALCOHOL
The effects of alcohol are almost undisputed. It is not just the heavy drinker who may place her fetus in danger. It has been found that women having one or more drinks daily were three times more likely to miscarry than women who had less than one drink daily. Other possible complications include permanent growth retardation, malformations of the face, brain damage, hyperactivity and learning disabilities, and heart defects.

2. Sleep
The amount of sleep the child should have varies with age. Hurlock : the 2 years old child needs 12 hours at night and 2 hours nap in the day. The nap shortens as the child grows from 2 to 6 years while bed time at night remains the same. Children should have a regular schedule.

2. SMOKING AND NICOTINE

Maternal smoking increases the risk of spontaneous abortions, bleeding during pregnancy, premature rupture of the amniotic sac, and fetal deaths and deaths of newborns. Women who smoke during pregnancy give birth to babies who are about one-half pound lighter (on the average) and smaller in all dimensions (for example, length and head circumference) than babies of nonsmokers, are born prematurely, and have other health problems.

3.

Exercise

Very essential for the childs muscle to

develop.

Strengthening the back muscles

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES

Robert J. Havighurst
emphasized that learning is basic and that it continues throughout life span. Growth and Development occurs in six stages. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE 1. Infancy & early childhood - walk DEVELOPMENTAL TASK - eat solid foods

- talk
- control elimination of wastes - form simple concepts of social & physical reality

2. Middle childhoods

- learn physical skills, required for games - build healthy attitudes towards oneself - learn to socialize with peers - learn appropriate masculine or feminine role - develop concepts necessary for everyday living - establish more mature relationships with same-age individuals of both sexes - achieve a masculine or feminine social role - accept own body - prepare for an occupation

3. Adolescence

- prepare for marriage & establishment of a family

4. Early Adulthood

- select a partner - learn to live with a partner - start a family - manage a home - establish self in a career/occupation

-become part of a social group

5. Middle Adulthood - assist adolescent children to become responsible, happy adults

- relate ones partner

- adjust to physiological changes -adjust to aging parents 6. Later Maturity - adjust to physiological changes & alterations in health status - adjust to retirement & altered income - develop affiliation with ones age group - establish satisfactory living arrangements

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PRENATAL

GERMINAL

EMBRYO

CHILDHOOD

INFANT (BIRTH -2 YEARS)

FOETUS

ADOLESCENCE

PRENATAL
Human development starts from fertilization, that is when the sperm unites with the eggs from the ovary. Women are born with eggs in the ovary and when they reach puberty, one ovum will reach maturity every 28 days in the ovary. The ovum will enter the fallopian tube and this process is called ovulation. If the ovum does not fertilize in 48 hours after the ovulation, it will come out as menses.

 Zygote will produced when the ovum has been fertilized by the sperm. Sometimes a woman will produce more than one egg either naturally or through stimulus. Fertilization of two ovum by two different sperms will produce duo zygote twins also known as fraternal twins. If the ovum fertilized by a sperm divides into two, that is the zygote is divided and each part continues to divide, it will develop and become monozygote twins or identical twins. Prenatal stage takes nine months and is divided into three phase that is germinal, embryo and foetus.

GERMINAL
SPERM OVUM

ZYGOTE EMBRYO FETAL

BABY

 This phase starts from fertilization until the zygote is attached to the wall of the womb and it will take about two weeks. A zygote has 23 chromosomes from the sperm and another 23 chromosomes from the ovum. Then, it will undergo process a dividing process called mitosis. The new cells that develops will become part of the body and duplicate the gene from their parents. Genes contain the DNA. There are numerous structural arrangements of the DNA that will cause the traits and genetics of an individual to be different from each other except for the identical twins who shares the same zygote.

 This phase will start from the third week until the eight week after fertilization. The organism that develops in this phase known as embryo. In week four, the brain, eyes, ears and mouth starts shaping. In week eight, the embryo has basic organ system, features, fingers and legs. The embryo consumes food and oxygen through the umbilical cord.

EMBRYO

 The umbilical cord will carry carbon dioxide and waste product to be excreted by the mother but if it channels any sickness or drugs taken by the mother, it can cause disabilities. The structure and basic system is developed at this stage.
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INFANT BIRTH- 2 YEARS OLD

Emergence of reflexes.

Initial increase followed by decline in

crying.
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Rapid growth and change in proportions of body parts:

e.g: Develop motor skills

Develop motor skills:

Gross Motor Skill
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Fine motor skills involve hands, fingers, wrists mostly but also feet, toes, and lips and tongue. e.g:
i. Head control, sitting, rolling over, crawling, standing, cruising and walking
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Fine Motor Skill

Gross motor skills involve the larger muscles of the body and develop rapidly in early childhood. e.g:
i. ii. Newborns use their arms and hands together and rely on a reflexive grasp. 4 months of age, babies can reach out with one hand for a object and become more accurate with their swatting motions.

Studies by Arnold Gessel

4 types of behaviour : motor language adaptive personal

1 month : lifting head from time to time 2 months : holding head from time to time ; holding head erect for a short time 5 months : sits if supported up 8 months : sits without supports 12 months : walking with help 18 months : climbing stairs 24 months : running

Motor development

IMPLICATIONS TO THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS OF AN INFANT

Growth

Behavior and discipline

Teeth, Personal Care

Sleep

SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES TO THE 2-6 YEARS CHILDREN

Coordination, Motor Skills, Reflexes

Diet

Age-appropriate chores

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YOUNG TODDLERS 2 - 4 YEARS OLD

Height is doubled Four times increase in body weight Physical skills increase
MOTOR ABILITY oGrasps and releases objects oWalks on balance beam oClimbs on playground equipments oCatches ball with arms extended oHolds crayon with fingers oRuns oJumps with both feet

OLDER TODDLERS 4 6 YEARS OLD

Loss of rounded, babyish appearance, with arms and legs lengthening and taking on more mature proportions Boundless physical energy for new gross motor skills, such as running, hopping, tumbling, climbing, and swinging Acquisition of fine motor skills, such as functional pencil grip and use of scissors Transition away from afternoon nap, which may initially be marked by periods of fussiness in the afternoon

Expert builder - loves small

construction materials and

also vigorous activity with

big blocks, large construction

materials.
Copies geometry figures

Cut, paste and glue

Rides two-wheeled bikes

CHILDHOOD
7 - 12 YEARS OLD
Sexual and aggressive urges are repressed Development of cognitive skills, personality, motivation and inter-personal relationships Growing peer orientation Exhibits extreme motor activity. Show gradual improvement in speed, steadiness of movement and accuracy. Legs lengthen rapidly. Girls mature faster than boys. Physically dependent.

IMPLICATIONS ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS IN THE CLASSROOM

Taught to play musical instruments and arts Activities must take into account childrens muscle development, especially the smaller muscles that are not yet developed

Involve the children in games to strengthen their muscles, build resistance and develop better body movement

Children are active at this stage. Teacher can prepare some activities like playing ball and running

Appropriate games for boys and girls

Children develop at different pace. Avoid comparing them

Held a healthy activities and good eating habits. *Different size and weight among peers, if they are overweight it can give rise to adaption and social problems Teachers should guide the children when necessary. Too much help will encourage dependency and may cause lack of self confidence

Children will feel satisfied if they are able to do things by their own

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EARLY ADOLESCENCE 12- 15 YEARS OLD

Period of accelerated growth Sexual maturation Important period of cognitive development Important time in emotional development Learn the values of societies Growth is slow and steady until onset of puberty.

Boys Prepubertal

Girls Prepubertal No sexual development First pubic hair Body odor Height spurt

Stage one

No sexual development Testes enlarge

Stage two

Body odor

Stage three

Pubic hair starts growing Vaginal discharge Ejaculation (wet dreams)

Continued enlargement of testes and penis

Onset of menstruation
Nipple is distinct from areola

Stage four

Height spurt
Male breast development Fully mature adult

Stage five

Fully mature female

Increases in height slow, then Increases in stop height slow, then stop

IMPLICATION ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS IN THE CLASSROOM

Seminars or counseling can help the early adolescence to accept oneself and their body changes Puberty is also a sign of sexual maturity. Prepare courses and talks on sexual activities to equip them with knowledge Prepare excises to help them build strength and body resistance

Reduce opportunities for girls to be observed by the boys during physical exercises

They are very sensitive to the physical changes, so its appropriate to develop consciousness in healthy life style

Separate changing rooms for both boys and girls

Plan healthy social activities

UNDERSTAND YOUR CHILDREN BETTER!!