Do not delete this graphic elements in here:

WDM Technology overview

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Do not delete this graphic elements in here:

WDM Technology overview

By the end of the course, you will be able to:

Explain the main optical transmission concepts. Describe the main impairments occurring within a fiber.

Quote the 5 laser classes according to their risks.

Explain the main WDM concepts. Describe the penalties due to wavelength multiplexing. Describe the architecture of WDM networks.
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Course outline
WDM Technology

Optical Transmission Basics

You will learn in this chapter
what the main optical transmission concepts are what the optical link devices are

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Transmission Principle

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 0

Optical fiber

Parts of a Transmission Link

User Input

User Output

TRANSMITTER
Electrical Interface Data Encoder Modulator Light Emitter

RECEIVER
Electrical Interface Data Decoder Demodulator Light Detector

Optical fiber

Transmitter: Overview
User Input(s)

TRANSMITTER
Electrical Interface
Video Audio Data

Data Encoder/Modulator
AM FM Digital

Light Emitter
LED: 780nm, 850nm, 1300nm LD: 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, 1625nm

Transmitter: Analog to Digital Conversion

A In

A Out

A/D Converter Optical fiber

D/A Converter

TDM

Optical TX

Optical RX

TDDM

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Analog Input A/D Digital Output

Transmitter: Digital to Optical Conversion

Digital signal

1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1

Laser

External Modulator

Fiber

Transmitter: Light Emitter Parameters

Wavelength range (nm)
Ultraviolet X-rays, Gamma rays
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 nm

Visible

Infrared Radio waves, Long waves

Second window

Launch power (dBm) Maximum power

Minimum power

P(mW) P(dBm) = 10 Log 10(-------)

1 mW

Third window

First window

Fourth window

Receiver: Overview
User Output(s)

RECEIVER
Electrical Interface
Video Audio Data

Data Decoder/Demodulator
AM FM Digital

Light Detector
PIN Diode APD Materials: Si, Ge, In, GaAs

Receiver: Light Detector Parameters

PIN photodiode
Fiber Cladding Fiber Core

Anti-reflection Coating

Metal Contact (-)

Received power (dBm) Maximum power

P + Region Intrinsic Region Hole Electron Electron - Hole N + Region Metal Contact (+)

(saturation) Minimum power

(sensitivity)

Optical Interface Classification

Optical network application

TRANSMITTER

Wavelength range

S1.1
RECEIVER

Digital signal bit rate

Optical Fiber: Overview

Jacket
Buffer Cladding Core

Optical Fiber: Light Guiding Principle

n1 Critical cone

Refraction

critical
n2 n2>n1

Reflection

Laser

n1

sin critical = n1/n2

with

n = c/v

Optical Fiber: Types

Type Refractive index
n2 n1

Core/Cladding (diameter)
62.5m/125m

n(r)

Multimode, Step-index

n(r)

50m/125m

Multimode, Graded-index

n(r)

9m/125m

Single-mode

Optical Transmission Impairments

You will learn in this chapter
what the main optical impairments are how they can be compensated

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Attenuation: Intrinsic Factors

Scattering

Absorption

Attenuation: Total Attenuation Curve

Optical loss (dB/km)
5

Total attenuation curve Intrinsic scattering (Rayleigh scattering)

Second window

Third window

First window

Intrinsic absorption

0 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Wavelength (nm)

Attenuation: Total Attenuation Curve [cont.]

Optical loss (dB/km)
5

Second window

First window

Total attenuation curve Intrinsic scattering (Rayleigh scattering)

700 800

Third window

Intrinsic absorption

0 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Wavelength (nm)

Optical loss (dB/km)

0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18

1460nm

1550nm

S
1450 1500

C
1550

L
1600

Wavelength (nm)

Attenuation: Calculation

P Optical fiber Pi Pi Attenuation () Po Po

Po = Pi ( x L)
Where: Po (dBm): output power Pi (dBm): input power L (km): length of the fiber (dB/km): attenuation of the fiber

Dispersion Types

Dispersion is the spreading of light pulses as they travel down an optical fiber.
Optical fiber Pi Time Po Time

Two general types of dispersion affect optical systems:

Chromatic Dispersion (CD), Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD).

Chromatic Dispersion: Definition

Pi Time

Optical fiber

Po Time

Optical fiber Pi Time Positive chromatic dispersion Po Time

Chromatic Dispersion: Standard Single-Mode Fiber (SSMF)

Dispersion (ps/nm/km)
25 20 15 10 5 0

-5
-10 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

Wavelength (nm)

Chromatic Dispersion: Calculation

P Optical fiber Pi 0.6 Pi T 2

Pi

Chromatic dispersion (D)

Po
Po T T

T = D x L x
Where: T: pulse widening D (ps/nm/km): chromatic dispersion L (km): length of the fiber (nm): spectral width of the signal

Polarization Mode Dispersion

Fiber

Different polarization states

Output Signal

of light travel at slightly different speeds throughout the fiber

Input Signal

This effect can spread the

Ideal

pulse enough to make it overlap with other pulses or change its own shape enough to make it undetectable at the receiver

fast

Normal

DGD is the fundamental

delay = DGD (Differential Group Delay)

measure of PMD and is measured in picoseconds (10-12 seconds)

slow

PMD can be a problem at

10Gbit/s or 40Gbit/s transmission rates

Polarization Mode Dispersion

PMD is caused by the asymmetry of the fiber-optic strand : Intrinsic Manufacturing process Mechanical stress stress geometry - Installation - Heating and Cooling - Vibration
stress
Extrinsic

bend

twist

Random Effects => Fiber has a distribution of DGD values over

time. As an approximation, the maximum instantaneous DGD is about 3.2 times the average DGD (=PMD) of a fiber.

Polarization Mode Dispersion

PMD coefficients are in units of ps/( of km). Some fibers installed before the mid 1990s have coefficients of about 12ps/( of km). DGD of this magnitude, in an OC 192/STM64 transmission system, can be expected to result in a bit-error rate that is severe enough to cause service problems. Solution to PMD:

Use PMDC (Not enough mature - Not use in the field) Design link with additional OSNR margins for PMD Reduce link length or use intermediate O-E-O Regeneration Deploy New fiber with better PMD coefficient

Nonlinear Effects

Nonlinear effects tend to manifest themselves when optical power is very high. They become important in WDM systems.

The most important types of nonlinear effects are:

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Transmission Improvement: Optimized Fibers

To improve the transmission quality, the first step is to select the appropriate fiber.

There are three basic classes of single-mode fiber:

Non-Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (NDSF), G.652:
Standard Single-Mode Fiber (SMF or SSMF). The dispersion zero point is near 1310nm.

Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF), G.653:

The dispersion zero point is around 1550nm.

Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (NZDSF), G.655:

The dispersion zero point is around another wavelength.

Transmission Improvement: Optimized Fibers [cont.]

Dispersion (ps/nm/km)
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

EDFA

Non DSF (-D) NZDSF (+D) NZDSF DSF

Wavelength (nm)

Optimized Fibers Overview for repeatered links < 700 km

For repeatered links < 700km only!

SSMF / G.652 Good

DSF / G.653 Bad

NZ-DSF / G.655 Excellent

DWDM C Band DWDM L band

Good

Good

Mean

TDM

Mean

Excellent

Good

Transmission Improvement: Modulation Format

Different coding types are available for the transmitter to optimize the signal transmission. These types include:

Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)
1 1 0 1 0

Optical Duobinary
Full Half Zero

Return-to-Zero (RZ)
1 1 0 1 0

Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero (CSRZ)

0 0

Transmission Improvement: Amplification & Regeneration

Re-amplifying
attenuation

Signal (u.a.)

0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 -0,2 0,0

1R
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Signal (u.a.)

1,0

1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Amplitude Noise

Time (bit period)

Time (bit period)

Jitter reduction
Signal (u.a.)
1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

2R
Jitter
Signal (u.a.)
1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

Re-shaping

3R
Time (bit period)

Noise Reduction

Re-timing

0,0 -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Time (bit period)

Optical Amplification

OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
Signal in Pump coupler Pump laser diode Signal out
Active fiber doped with Erbium ions

Excited state Ground state Energy supply

(pumping) electron

Spontaneous emission

photon

Signal in

Stimulated emission

Noise generation

Optical amplification

Optical Amplification [cont.]

Optical amplifier key performance parameters:

Output power Gain Gain flatness Noise level

Output power

Conventional Band

Standard EDFA response spectrum

1525nm 1565nm

Transmission Improvement: Dispersion Compensation Fiber

oper

D (ps/nm/km)

oper
(nm)

D (ps/nm/km)

oper
(nm)

oper

"Standard fiber", (+D) NZDSF

Dispersion compensation fiber, (-D) NZDSF

Optical Safety
You will learn in this chapter
what the laser risks are how to protect an operator

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Radiation Absorption

EYE absorption of electromagnetic radiations

Retina

Visible and close to infrared

Very hazardous Focused on retina

Laser Classification

The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC825:

Gives the safety recommendations. Grades laser in 5 classes according to their risk.
Power (mW)
1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

Class 4 Class 3B Class 3A Class 2

Class 1
Wavelength (nm)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600

400

600

Laser Classification [cont.]

Telecom laser domain

Class

1
1550nm
10

3A
17

3B
27

4
dBm

(10)
9.5 (10) -4 (0.4)

(50)
15 (32) +2.5 (2)

(500)
27 (500) 27 (500)

(mW)
dBm (mW) dBm (mW)

1300nm
850nm

Laser Risks

Class 1

No hazard if used in normal conditions*.

* If you do not look directly and closely at the laser beam.

Class 2

Only concerns the band ranging from 400 to 700nm.

Class 3A

No hazard if used in normal conditions, except if you use optical appliances (binoculars, microscope, monocular, etc.).
Hazard if you look directly at the laser beam.

Class 3B

Class 4

Hazard for eye and skin, fire risk.

Safety Instructions
Precautions to be taken in class 3A Hazard in class 3B & 4 :
So you need to quantify and locate the corresponding power.

INSTRUCTIONS
The optical interfaces peculiar to powers 3A, 3B and 4 are identified by the following symbol:

BASIC PRINCIPLES
Do not observe a connector or a fiber in its longitudinal axis.
Do not observe a connector or a fiber unless you are at a distance of 10 cm or more. Place systematically the protective caps on a free connector.

LASER RADIATION:
DO NOT LOOK INSIDE THE BEAM CLASS-3A LASER RADIATION UNIT

Automatic Safety Mechanism: Automatic Laser Shutdown (ALS)

Network Element n1

Network Element n2

Optical interface
Cut-off

Optical interface

ALS command

Power Shutdown 2

LOS 1 Power Shutdown 1

ALS command

LOS 2

Automatic Safety Mechanism: Laser Restart Management

Start Automatic laser shutdown

Section in normal operation ALS in service

Automatic Restart

Manual restart

Manual restart for testing

Yes

Signal received from remote end?

Timeout (60-300)s

No No

Loss of transmitted signal for t >= (550 50) ms?

Yes

Laser in operation for (2 0.25) s

Laser in operation for (2 0.25) s

Laser in operation for (90 10) s

WDM Transmission Basics

You will learn in this chapter
what the main WDM concepts are what the WDM components are

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Time Division Multiplexing: Concept

Bits of information

Transmission link

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing: SDH Example

Bit rate = 2.5Gbps

Link rate = (2.5Gbps x 4 = 10Gbps)

Incoming streams (T) Outgoing stream

(T)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Concept

TRANSMITTERS Combining signals Separating signals

RECEIVERS

Optical fiber

Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Input Format Independence

SDH IP ATM Leased line ...

TDM vs WDM: Network Evolution

3R
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1

3R

3R
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1

N terminals

N terminals

STM-16 terminal

TRANSPONDER

TRANSPONDER

TRANSPONDER

STM-16 terminal

16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1

16 x STM-1

STM-16 terminal 1R 1R

WDM
1R 1R

STM-16 terminal

16 x STM-1

N terminals
16 x STM-1

N terminals
STM-16 terminal
16 x STM-1

STM-16 terminal

N channels Colored signals with specific wavelengths

DWDM: Absorption Spectrum of the Optical Fiber

Loss (dB/km)

10
5

S C L
1

0.5

Wavelength (nm)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

DWDM: C Band

BLUE BAND

RED BAND

1528nm

1546nm

1564nm

C Band

Coarse and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM & DWDM)

Loss

1300
ie: 80 Channels spaced @ 50Ghz

1500

50GHz

1600

Wavelength

DWDM :
ITU G.694.1

20 nm 18 Channels spaced @ 20 nm

CWDM :
ITU G.694.2

SDH :

1310nm

1550nm

CWDM versus DWDM systems

Coarse

WDM

Dense

WDM

Low Cost Equipment Metro networks Point-to-point (PTP) topologies Up to 8 channels with 20nm spacing Up to 80 km / 20 dB No Optical Amplification 10G wavelengths sometimes not supported

More versatile equipment Metro and long-haul networks PTP, ring and mesh topologies Up to 128 channels with 25GHz spacing Up to 2,000 km Optical Amplification support up to 100G wavelengths

Transponder

Client Interface

DWDM Interface

Standard Receiver
Optical Signal

2R/3R Regeneration
Electrical Signal Electrical Signal

Colored Interface
Optical Signal

B&W Interface

2R/3R Regeneration

Optimized Receiver

Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
Multiplexing and demultiplexing in a bidirectional communication

Optical fiber

Optical fiber

Optical Amplifier: Applications

TRANSMITTER

Post-amplifier

In-line Amplifier

RECEIVER

Pre-amplifier

Optical Amplifier: Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER

Signal in Pump coupler Pump laser diode Signal out
Active fiber doped with Erbium ions

Excited state Ground state Energy supply

(pumping) electron

Spontaneous emission

photon

Signal in

Stimulated emission

Noise generation

Optical amplification

Optical Amplifier: Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

Power (dBm/0.25 nm)

10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1520

WDM multiplex at the input of the amplifier

Power (dBm/0.25 nm)

20

20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1520

Amplifier output

1530

1540

Wavelength (nm)

1550

1560

1570

1530

1540

Wavelength (nm)

1550

1560

1570

EDFA

Amplify simultaneously several WDM channels

Optical Amplifier: Raman Amplification Principle

Optical fiber Transmitter Receiver

1455nm pump

Gain

Gain spectrum versus pump wavelength

@1455nm

@1480nm

(gain)=(pump)+100nm

1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 (nm)

OADM Concept

OADM
Optical fiber Amplifier Amplifier Optical fiber

- n

1 , 2 , , n

1 , 2 , , n

DWDM Evolution to ROADM

First Generation Point to Point WDM:
- Installed for capacity exhaust - Strictly point to point applications - Regeneration required for pass-through wavelengths

Second Generation Fixed Optical (FOADM):

- Optical add/drop via fixed filters - WDM still painful because of: Wavelength stranding in banded add/drop approaches Per wavelength engineering Manual jumper cabling

Third Generation Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM):

- Dynamic reconfigurable OADM with single wavelength granularity - Jumper less provisioning - SDH like simplicity for wavelength management

What is a Multi-Degree Node?

A Multi-Degree Node is a Node that allows wavelengths connectivity across several directions The degree of the Node equals the number of directions
Examples of Multi-Degree Nodes Degree-2 Degree-3 Degree-4 Degree-5 Degree-6

In a Multi-Degree Node the wavelength connectivity can be managed in a true optical domain or after O-E-O conversion

64 | Presentation Title | Month 2009

ROADM technologies WSS vs. WB and PLC

Different ROADM technologies:

WSS (Wavelength Selective Switch) technology and WSS-based ROADM

PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) technology and PLC-based ROADM

WB (Wavelength Blocker) technology and WB-based ROADM

ROADM technologies: Wavelength Blocker (WB)

Wavelength Blocker: a 1:1 device (1 WDM input, 1 WDM output). Key WB funtionalities:
Every wavelength coming from the WDM input, can be passed, or blocked. Every wavelength can be selectively attenuated

Key applications enabled:

Remotely reconfigurable degree-2 Remotely reconfigurable degree-3 nodes are acheivable, however complex and expensive to build.
WDM in

WB

WDM out

WB does NOT enable:

Colorless or full Tuneable & Reconfigurable OADM

ROADM technologies: Wavelength Blocker (WB)

Example of degree-3 node with WB:
For a degree N node, need Nx(N-1) Wavelength Blockers.

Degree 3 6 WBs needed Degree 4 12 WBs needed Degree 6 30 WBs needed

WB WB

For degrees greater than 2, it becomes very complex and expensive to implement.

ROADM technologies: Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC)

Planar Lightwave Circuit: N:1 device (1 WDM input, N-1 single inputs and 1 output). Key PLC funtionalities:

WDM in

PLC
Single- in 1

WDM out

Every wavelength coming from the WDM input, can be passed, or blocked. If it is blocked, the corresponding channel can be inserted from the single- port Every wavelength can be selectively attenuated

Single- inputs 1 2 40

Key applications enabled:

Remotely reconfigurable degree-2 node Non-Remotely reconfigurable degree-N nodes
WDM IN

Single- in N

Single- in 2

WDM OUT

PLC does NOT enable:

Colorless or full Tuneable & Reconfigurable OADM
= VOA = 1:2 switch = 100 Ghz MUX(DEMUX)

ROADM technologies: Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC)

with PLC:

Example of degree-4 node

2 x PLC nodes are present (one per DWDM ring) Ring interconnections are realized by manual patchcords

DWDM ring 1
DMUX#1 drop PLC#2
add

Degree -1

Degree -2

Operator can switch between pass and drop. If patchcords are installed, drop becomes switch to other ring
But switch to other ring is only possible for the pre-determined direction! This is not really a remotely reconfigurable multi-degree node!
Fixed patchcords

PLC#1

add

DMUX#2 drop PLC#4

add

DMUX#3 drop

Degree -4

Degree -3

PLC#3

add

DMUX#4 drop

DWDM ring 2

ROADM technologies: Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS)

Wavelength Selective Switch: N:1 or 1:N device (N inputs and 1 output, or 1 input and N outputs). Key WSS funtionalities:
(if used as a N:1 device) it allows to switch individually any wavelength from any input to the output (also more than 1 wavelength can be present at each input) Every wavelength can be selectively switched, or blocked, or attenuated

WDM in 1

WSS
WDM in N WDM in 2 WDM in 3

WDM out

Key applications enabled:

Remotely reconfigurable degree-N node (with N>2) Tuneable & Reconfigurable OADM

ROADM technologies: Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS)

2D devices mandatory!
input and output fibers array of switching elements (one element per )

array of collimating lenses

Example of degree-3 node with WSS:

diffraction grating

For a degree N node, need N Wavelength Selective Switches

WSS WSS WSS S

Degree 3 3 WSSs needed Degree 4 4 WSSs needed Degree 6 6 WSSs needed

Creates a simple, high density, easily expandable multi-degree node

WSS-based ROADM: colorless add/drop

Tunable OADM (T-OADM):

2 directions, any channel drop Fully remotely reprogrammable node:
Tunable filters (Rx) Tunable laser (Tx) DROP ADD
WSS

Rx

Tunable filters

Tx (tunable laser)

Differences between WSS and non-WSS based ROADM

WSS
Its the only technology that allows to implement remotely reconfigurable degree-N nodes (Lower Cost/Less complex) Allows also to evolve to colorless add/drop implementations

PLC
Usually applied for cost-effective, low-performance degree-2 ROADMs

It can be used to implement a non-remotely reconfigurable degree-N node (N>2)

Note: some vendors use an improper terminology, calling WSS what is actually a PLC

WB
Usually applied for degree-2 implementations It can be used to implement a remotely reconfigurable degree-N node (N>2) however it is costly and complex

WDM Network Typical Link

Traffic Traffic Transponder

OT#i
OT#1

Management Traffic channel i

OT#1 OT#2

ADM STM16

OT#2 OT#3

N channels

OT#i

M U X
Booster or Postamplifier

Fiber

D E M U X

OT#3

GbE
OT#n

OADM

ILA

PreAmplifier
OT#n

GbE

End Terminal

End Terminal

WDM Transmission Characteristics

You will learn in this chapter
what the main WDM impairments are how they can be compensated

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Transmission Quality Parameters: Bit Error Rate

The Bit Error Rate (BER) is a ratio of error bits to total transmitted bits.

Data stream of 1s and 0s

Transmission Quality Parameters: Eye Pattern

Valid range

1s are above threshold

Decision threshold

Valid range

0s are below threshold

Transmission Quality Parameters: Q Factor

A Q= B

Transmission Quality Parameters: Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Ps

Ps: Signal Power Pn: Noise Power

Pn

OSNR = 10log(Ps/Pn)

WDM Penalties: Optical Noise

The constant amplifier output power (signal + noise) is:

Determined by pumping power. Self-regulated by amplifier (output power control).

Total power

Build-up of noise:
proportional to the number of amplifiers.

Signal

OSNR

As a consequence to the system length increase:

Signal power is decreased. Amplifier noise is increased. OSNR is decreased.

Amplifier noise

Distance

WDM Penalties: Non-Flat Gain

Gain response in a cascade of N repeaters without filters
EDFA gain spectrum
20

Gain (dB)

Tx
15 2dB

Line

27nm 10 1525 1535 1545 1555 1562 1565

Rx

Wavelength (nm)

WDM Penalties: Nonlinear Effects

Nonlinear effects tend to manifest themselves when optical power is very high. Therefore, they become important in DWDM systems because of powerful optical devices. The most important types of nonlinear effects are:
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM). Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM). Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS). Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS).

The consequence of nonlinear effects is a pulse widening and so a degradation of the transmission quality.

Transmission Improvement: Forward Error Correction

Transponder Functional Block Diagram

Client

B&W Interface

UFEC

SFEC

FEC Colored Interface

WDM line

OH

Payload STM-64

FEC

STM-64 Frame

OOB-FEC Frame

Forward Error Correction: Optical Transport Network

OCh Trail OMS Trail

TRANSPONDEUR

OMS Trail
TRANSPONDEUR TRANSPONDEUR

OTS Trail

OTS Trail

TRANSPONDEUR

TRANSPONDEUR

TRANSPONDEUR

TRANSPONDEUR

TRANSPONDEUR

In-line amplifier
TRANSPONDEUR TRANSPONDEUR TRANSPONDEUR

In-line amplifier
TRANSPONDEUR

Line terminal

Back-to-back terminal

Line terminal

Forward Error Correction: ITU-T G.709 Recommendation

Associated overhead

The ITU-T G.709 recommendation defines the requirements for the Optical Transport Module (OTM) signals in terms of:
Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH), functionality of the overhead, frame structures, bit rates, formats for mapping client signals.

Client

OH
OH OH OH

OPUk
ODUk OTUk FEC

OCh
OCC OCC OMSn OTSn OCC OPS0

Non-associated overhead

OH OH OOS OSC

OTM-n: Optical Transport Module

Transmission Improvement: Repeater Design

Repeater n-1 Repeater n Repeater n+1

Optical Amplifier
20 15

Bragg Filter

3dB Transmission (dB)

Gain (dB)

10

5 0
-5 -10 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580

+
20nm Wavelength (nm)

0.2 0 1545 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 1550 1555 1560 1565

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission Improvement: Repeater Design [cont.]

Repeater n-1 Repeater n Repeater n+1

+ A

ex: 0.25dB

ex: 0.15dB

ex: 0.2dB

+ F

OA characteristic

Filter characteristic

Repeater response

Transmission Improvement: Gain Equalization

TEQ

SEQ (Passive)

Passive

Active

Transmission Improvement: Pre-Emphasis

Even if there are PEUs, it is necessary to optimize the OSNR per channel.
Sp

Input Spectrum

Sp = S/2

Line
S N = S/2 N

Line
Sp

Output Spectrum
N: Delta Noise Sp: Delta Signal Pre-emphasis

S: Delta Signal

Transmission Improvement: Chromatic Dispersion Compensation

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

DCM
TRANSMITTER

DCM

DCM

DCM
RECEIVER

Receiver Tolerance X Axis is time and Y Axis is the change in dispersion between modules

Transmission Improvement: Chromatic Dispersion Compensation

Dispersion Compensating Modules (DCM) added to overcome dispersion limits at pre and post amplification to level off dispersion more uniformly rather than applying all DCM at one side of the span. However DCM adds costs and loss to the system
1600 1200

Dispersion (ps/nm)

800
400 0 0 80 160 240 320 400 480

Span Length (km) Single Mode Fiber = 17 ps/nm-km

System Capacity growth

Initial Configuration
Bandwith

Btot
Channel BitRate : D Spacing :

Capacity: C = D x Btot/

Capacity Growth: ways and consequences

- Increase D
D > D Btot = Btot et =

Fast processing PMD SPM

- Reduce channels spacing

< Btot = Btot et D = D

Channels filtering non-linearity (FWM, XPM, Raman)

- Increase total bandwith Btot

large band OA non-linearity (Raman)

Btot > Btot , = et D = D more channels

WDM System Design

WDM

Systems Transmission distance (without OEO regeneration) is limited by

Accumulated Noise Optical Amplifiers Non Linear Effects

The

Maximum Transmission Distance depends mainly on:

Distance Max

Bit Rate

Nb of channels

System Reach Limitation

The Power per channel should be:

High to get the best possible OSNR Weak to limit the non linear effects

System Limit

OSNR Limit

Emitted Power

OK
Non Linearity Limit

Number of amplified spans

WDM Network Architecture

You will learn in this chapter
what the architecture of WDM networks is

Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instructions -All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Global Network Architecture

Point-to-point

Long-haul networks Mesh Ring

Inter-metro connections

Inter-metro connections

Inter-metro connections

Metropolitan networks

Residential networks: - DSL - Cable modem

SDH/SONET: - POTS - Wireless

ISP POP: - IP services

Enterprise : - Frame Relay - ESCON - Fiber Channel - Gigabit Ethernet

Acces networks

Emergence of an Optical Layer

OXC

WDM fiber

OADM

Optical Layer
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical protection

WDM

OADM OADM

ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM DXC ADM ADM

ADM ADM

ADM

SDH/SONET Layer
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High-speed protection Time slot grooming

ADM

Service Layer
Delivery of services to end users

WDM Applications
Metro Long Haul
Ultra Long Haul

Metro

Regional

National & Pan-Continental

Up to 200km

Up to 600km

Up to 4500km

Traffic Aggregation

Transport

Metro versus Long Haul applications

Metro / Regional WDM

Typically less than 80 channels Limited span loss (<30 dB in multispan) Single or Double stage Amplifier 40G wavelengths not always supported Raman not always supported Alien wavelengths support Choice of DWDM optics types Non linear effect handled by physical configuration

Long-Haul WDM
Max capacity > 80 channels Very high span loss (>40 dB in multispan) Only double stage Amplifier 40G, 100G wavelengths Raman amplification No or restricted use of alien wavelengths Choice of Modulation formats Non-linear effect managed by tuning

The overall link distance is not the sole parameter to choose a solution

Point-to-Point Topology

WDM Terminal

WDM Terminal

WDM Terminal

OADM

WDM Terminal

Ring Topology
WDM HUB

OADM

OADM

WDM HUB

Mesh Topology
OADM

OADM

WDM Terminal

OADM

WDM HUB

WDM HUB

OADM

Optical Multiplexing Section Protection (OMSP)

WDM Terminal n1

WDM Terminal n2

Tr M U X Tr

Splitter Sp

O.A. Working line

O.A.

Switch

Sw

D E M U X

Tr

Tr

O.A.

O.A.

Protecting line

Optical Sub-Network Connection Protection (OSNCP)

Working line Terminal Sp Sw SDH Terminal Protecting line

Repeater OADM

SDH

Repeater OADM

SDH Terminal Sp Sw Terminal

SDH

Wavelength Protection
WDM Terminal n1
Tx
1:8

WDM Terminal n2
Rx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx
1:8 12:1

Rx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Rx

N:1

1:N

Tx

Rx

Rx

1+1 Optical Channel Protection

R X From Client

T X

li

OM

Optical Splitter OP1P1

OT

working

R X

T X

li

OM

OT

protection
OD

li

R T X X

OT

OD

li

1x2 Switch OP1P1

To Client

R T X X

OT

Lucent Technologies Proprietary

Optical Supervisory Channel

WDM Terminal n1 In-Line Amplifier WDM Terminal n2

Tr

M U X
Tr

O.A.

O.A.

O.A.

OSC
System Control Processor

OSC
System Control Processor

Traffic + OSC

D E M U X

Tr

OSC
System Control Processor

Tr

NE Supervision

NE Supervision

Telecommunication Management Network

NML Server
NOC Station Level

EML Server

HUB

Operator PC

Centralized Local (or remote)

Router
DCN

Craft Terminal
WDM Terminal CT Interface

Router

Terminal Station Level

NOC Interface

Network Element Level

Technical comparison of modulation formats Resilience to OSNR and Nonlinear Effects (I)
Resilience

to OSNR and NonLinear Effects (NLE) are the main factors that limit the maximum transmission reach 1dB less resilience on NLE Effects is as limiting as 1dB less resilience to OSNR

Power per channel [a.u.]

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 1 3 5 7

Maximum power per channel to limit the nonlinear effects for modulation format X

maximum reach

Minimum power per channel to guarantee the required OSNR for modulation format X

Number of spans

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

OSNR AND NLE limit the transmission distance

Technical comparison of modulation formats Resilience to OSNR and Nonlinear Effects (II)
If

a modulation format guarantees a 3 dB improvement on OSNR resilience but is 3 dB more impacted by nonlinear effects, the maximum reach is the same Resilience to OSNR is not the only figure to evaluate the maximum reach!

Power per channel [a.u.]

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 1 3 5 7

3 dB worsening of the resilience to NLE for modulation format X vs format Y maximum reach

3 dB improvement of the resilience to OSNR (for modulation format X vs format Y

Number of spans

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

OSNR AND NLE limit the transmission distance