EE 360 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (3 0 3)

By

E. A. Frimpong

COURSE CONTENT
Propertie o! "ig" #o$t%ge in &$%tion %n' (re%)'o*n p"enomen% in m%teri%$ %n' %ir *it" 'i!!erent type o! e$e+tro'e , Tr%n ient - $ig"tning p"enomen%. &rge in tr%n mi ion $ine '&e to $ig"tning %n' *it+"ing. Prote+tion o! e/&ipment0%pp$i%n+e %g%in t &+" tr%n ient . , Tr%n !ormer - H%rmoni+%. &n(%$%n+e' $o%'ing. 31*in'ing HV tr%n !ormer . imp&$ e te ting. , Hig" #o$t%ge te t e/&ipment in+$&'ing imp&$ e gener%tor . %.+. %n' '.+. HV te t et %n' port%($e in &$%tion te t et & e' in in'& trie !or oi$ %n' ot"er in &$%tion te ting. 2e tr&+ti#e %n' non1'e tr&+ti#e te ting in+$&'ing p%rti%$ 'i +"%rge te+"ni/&e . App$i+%tion o! HV te+"ni/&e in (io1me'i+%$ engineering. ,

COURSE INTRODUCTION
T"e

r%pi'$y in+re% ing tr%n mi ion #o$t%ge $e#e$ in re+ent 'e+%'e i % re &$t o! t"e gro*ing 'em%n' !or e$e+tri+ po*er. %n' 'i t%nt po*er p$%nt .

Hig"

#o$t%ge permit gre%ter po*er tr%n !er *it" minim&m $o e i imper%ti#e to g%in &n'er t%n'ing in %re% &+" % "ig" #o$t%ge in &$%tion. "ig" #o$t%ge te t %n' te t e/&ipment.

It

HV INSULATION
,P&rpo

e o! e$e+tri+%$ in &$%ting m%teri%$ in &$%te t"e $i#e p%rt o! e$e+tri+%$ in t%$$%tion !rom one %not"er in &$%te t"e $i#e p%rt o! e$e+tri+%$ in t%$$%tion !rom e%rt"e' tr&+t&r%$ +omponent Pre#ent e$e+tri+ "o+) In &$%tion $e#e$ %!!e+t e/&ipment /&%$ity %n' +o t Form o! in &$%tion('ie$e+tri+ )- g% eo& . $i/&i' or o$i'

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,3on'&+ti#ity

me% &re o! +&rrent +%rrying +%p%(i$ity 2etermine' (y re i t%n+e- re i ti#ity. $engt"(t"i+)ne ) %n' +ro 1 e+tion%$ %re% 3on'&+ti#ity m& t (e $o*($o* $e%)%ge +&rrent) In &$%tion re i t%n+e 'epen' - temper%t&re. "&mi'ity. &r!%+e +ont%min%tion In &$%tion re i t%n+e me% &re' & ing %n in &$%tion re i t%n+e te ter

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

2ie$e+tri+ $o A me% &re o! e$e+tri+ energy %( or(e' E#i'en+e' (y "e%t 4& t (e $o*

= power loss in the dielectric (in watts ) = !pplied "olt!#e (in volts ) = !n#$l!r %re&$enc' = is the %re&$enc' o% the !pplied "olt!#e = c!p!cit!nce o% the dielectric (in Farads). = dielectric or loss %!ctor

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,2ie$e+tri+

$o

(+ont.)

Lo

!%+tor

I w tan = Ir

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

E5%mp$e A 6F 'ie$e+tri+ i &(7e+te' to % 8kV. 60Hz #o$t%ge. 2etermine t"e 'ie$e+tri+ $o i! t"e $o !%+tor o! t"e 'ie$e+tri+ i 0.09.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

2ie$e+tri+ $o

- (+ont.) Lo !%+tor- T"e gre%ter t"e $o !%+tor. %$$ ot"er !%+tor (eing e/&%$. t"e "ig"er t"e 'ie$e+tri+ $o . t"%t i . t"e poorer t"e /&%$ity o! t"e 'ie$e+tri+. Lo !%+tor i in! $&en+e' (y temper%t&re %n' moi t&re Typi+%$ $o !%+tor !or tr%n !ormer in &$%tion %t 8003. 60 H: r%nge !rom 0.006 to 0.08.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,Permitti#ity A

me% &re o! 'ie$e+tri+ po$%ri %tion 2ie$e+tri+ po$%ri %tion i t"e e$% ti+ 'i p$%+ement o! e$e+tri+ +"%rge &n'er t"e in! $&en+e o! e$e+tri+ !ie$' !or+e Hig" po$%ri %tion imp$ie "ig" +%p%+it%n+e %n' "en+e "ig" energy tore T"e 'ie$e+tri+ po$%ri %tion i /&%ntit%ti#e$y e#%$&%te' in term o! t"e re$%ti#e permitti#ity .

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,Permitti#ity

(+ont.) Permitti#ity m& t (e $o* Permitti#ity i in! $&en+e' (y temper%t&re %n' !re/&en+y

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,E$e+tri+

!ie$' trengt" A me% &re o! #o$t%ge *it" t%n' +%p%(i$ity In+re% ing #o$t%ge %+ro in &$%tor re'&+e it trengt" Vo$t%ge %t *"i+" (re%)'o*n o++&r i +%$$e' (re%)'o*n #o$t%ge E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt" m& t (e "ig" E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt" in+re% e *it" in+re% ing m%teri%$ t"i+)ne

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt"(+ont.)

= electric (re!)down stress *in kV/mm+ = electric (re!)down "olt!#e *in kV + = thic)ness o% the dielectric *in mm+

Example A 'ie$e+tri+ o! t"i+)ne 6mm i &(7e+t to % (re%)'o*n #o$t%ge o! 900)V. 2etermine t"e (re%)'o*n tre on it.

NON,ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

T"erm%$ t%(i$ity

He%t *it" t%n' +%p%(i$itie Ageing o! m%teri%$ +%n re &$t !rom e5po &re to "e%t 2ie$e+tri+ m& t (e t"erm%$ t%($e 3oo$ing i emp$oye' to impro#e t"erm%$ t%(i$ity

NON,ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS

,3"emi+%$

(e"%#io&r Re$%te to e!!e+t o! oper%ting en#ironment on 'ie$e+tri+ O5i'%tion %n' "y'ro$y i +%n %ri e o++&r ;$tr%#io$et re i t%n+e i re/&ire' *"en 'ie$e+tri+ i e5po e' to r%'io%+ti#e e$ement 3orro ion %n' o$#ent re i t%n+e %re %$ o (e re/&ire'

INSULATION -REA.DO/N
2e!inition-

T"e $o o! in &$%ting propertie Ho* it "%ppen - Intro'&+tion o! +on'&+ti#e &( t%n+e . ioni %tion or (ot" 3%& e - He%t. imp&ritie . Hig" #o$t%ge . "ig" !re/&en+ie . e5po &re to r%'i%tion E!!e+t - <"ort1+ir+&it . e$e+tri+ "o+) . e/&ipment '%m%ge

-REA.DO/N IN 0ASES
TO=N<EN2

BREA>2O=N PRO3E<< (% e' on t"e gener%tion o! &++e i#e e+on'%ry %#%$%n+"e

-REA.DO/N IN 0ASES
<TREA4ER

4E3HANI<4 (% e' on e$e+tron %#%$%n+"e %n' %''e' e!!e+t o! p%+e +"%rge

-REA.DO/N IN LI1UIDS
Li/&i'

"%#e "ig"er 'ie$e+tri+ trengt" t"%n g% e Li/&i' %re & &%$$y +ont%min%te' 3%tegori %tion o! imp&ritie

Imp&ritie *"i+" "%#e (re%)'o*n trengt" $o*er t"%n t"%t o! t"e $i/&i' it e$! T"e e$e+tri+ !ie$' E( in % g% (&(($e *"i+" i immer e' in % $i/&i' o! permitti#ity 9 i gi#en (y

-REA.DO/N IN LI1UIDS
Imp&ritie

o! $o* trengt" o G% e$ong%tion o (re%)'o*n o! g% +%& e 'e+ompo ition o! mo$e+&$e Imp&ritie *"i+" %re &n t%($e in t"e e$e+tri+ !ie$' (eg- g$o(&$e o! *%ter).
o

re &$t in % $o* re i t%n+e (ri'ge %+ro t"e e$e+tro'e

Imp&ritie

*"i+" re &$t in $o+%$ en"%n+ement o! e$e+tri+ !ie$' in % $i/&i' (eg- +on'&+ting p%rti+$e ).

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
E$e+tro1me+"%ni+%$

(re%)'o*n A me+"%ni+%$ !or+e gener%te' '&e to !or+e o! %ttr%+tion (0n &r!%+e +"%rge Re'&+tion in 'ie$e+tri+ t"i+)ne '&e to %pp$ie' e$e+tri+ !ie$'

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
Bre%)'o*n

'&e to intern%$ 'i +"%rge Pre en+e o! #oi' o! *e%) 'ie$e+tri+ trengt" 3%r(oni %tion %n' ero ion re &$ting !rom 'i +"%rge 3%r(oni %tion %n' ero ion re &$t in re'&+tion o! 'ie$e+tri+ t"i+)ne

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
<&r!%+e

! $% "o#er- (re%)'o*n o! me'i&m in *"i+" t"e o$i' i immer e' T"e t"ree e enti%$ +omponent o! t"e &r!%+e ! $% "o#er p"enomen% t"e pre en+e o! % +on'&+ting !i$m %+ro t"e &r!%+e o! t"e in &$%tion % me+"%ni m *"ere(y t"e $e%)%ge +&rrent t"ro&g" t"e +on'&+ting !i$m i interr&pte' *it" t"e pro'&+tion o! p%r) 'egr%'%tion o! t"e in &$%tion '&e to p%r)

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
Tr%+)ing-

!orm%tion o! % perm%nent +on'&+ting p%t" %+ro % &r!%+e o! t"e in &$%tion ionRe &$t 'e+ompo ition !rom #o$%ti$e

Ero

T"erm%$

(re%)'o*n- E5+e i#e "e%t in

'ie$e+tri+

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
T"erm%$

(re%)'o*n-(+ont.)

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
E$e+tro1+"emi+%$

(re%)'o*n no 'ie$e+tri+ i !ree !rom ion ion re%+t *it" e$e+tro'e e!!e+t o! e$e+tro$y i %tt%+) on 'ie$e+tri+ %n' e$e+tro'e re$e% e o! g% e 'epo ition o! &( t%n+e on e$e+tro'e r%te o! e$e+tro$y i i gre%ter *it" 'ire+t tre t"%n *it" %$tern%ting tre

-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS
3"emi+%$

'eterior%tion +"emi+%$ in t%(i$ity- pont%neo& (re%)'o*n o! t"e tr&+t&re o! 'ie$e+tri+ e pe+i%$$y %t "ig" temper%t&re o5i'%tion- re &$t in po i($e &r!%+e +r%+) in !or e5%mp$e po$yet"y$ene %n' r&((er "y'ro$y i - re &$t in 'eterior%tion o! 'ie$e+tri+ m%teri%$ in+omp%ti(i$ity- eg. R&((er %ge %t e$e#%te' temper%t&re in t"e pre en+e o! +opper

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION
Tr%n

!ormer Oi$ F&n+tion o In &$%te o <&ppre +oron% %n' %r+ing o %+t % +oo$%nt Type - non1to5i+ i$i+on1(% e' oi$. miner%$ oi$. n%t&r%$ ynt"eti+ oi$ %n' e ter or #eget%($e oi$

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION
F%+tor

%!!e+ting oi$ /&%$ity inter!%+i%$ ten ion %+i'ity re i t%n+e to o5ygen re i t%n+e to 'epo it !orm%tion po*er !%+tor 'ie$e+tri+ trengt"

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION
3%&

e o! oi$ 'egr%'%tion He%t o o&r+e 1+opper %n' iron $o e o e!!e+t 1'eterior%tion o! in &$%tion O5ygen o o&r+e 1%ir (&(($e +%pt&re' !rom p&mping oi$. $e%) in p&mp . *%rming &p o! +ore o e!!e+t 1!orm%tion o! $&'ge

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION,C!se st$d'

3%&

e o! oi$ 'egr%'%tion(+ont.) 4oi t&re o <o&r+e 1 re i'&%$ moi t&re in o$i' in &$%tion %n' ne* oi$. moi t&re !rom %tmo p"ere. moi t&re !rom o5i'%tion o e!!e+t 1m%)e in &$%tion +on'&+ti#e. %++e$er%te %geing <o$i' +ont%min%tion o o&r+e 1'i o$#e' met%$ %n' '& t !rom m%n&!%+t&ring

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION
+ont%min%tion(+ont.) o e!!e+t 1%$$o* t"e !orm%tion o! +on'&+ti#e p%t" %$ong t"e &r!%+e %n' e#ent&%$$y to gro&n' P3B (po$y+"$orin%te' (ip"eny$ ) in tr%n !ormer oi$ ="%t t"ey %re- % gro&p o! "%$ogen%te' %rom%ti+ "y'ro+%r(on +"%r%+teri:e' (y t"e (ip"eny$ tr&+t&re %n' %t $e% t one +"$orine %tom &( tit&te' !or "y'rogen
<o$i'

TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION
P3B

in tr%n !ormer oi$(+ont.) Goo' propertie o Fire

re i t%n+e o <t%(i$ity o Goo' in &$%tion o $o* #o$%ti$ity P3B %re to5i+ &n!rien'$y

%n'

en#ironment%$$y

TESTS ON TRANSFOR2ER OIL

2ie$e+tri+

te t 4e% &re t"e #o$t%ge %t *"i+" (re%)'o*n o++&r A+i'ity te t 4e% &re t"e %+i' +ontent o! t"e oi$ It i re+ommen'e' to re+$%im oi$ *"en %+i' n&m(er re%+"e 0.80mg>OH0gm

TESTS ON TRANSFOR2ER OIL

Po*er

!%+tor te t Po*er !%+tor o! tr%n !ormer oi$ gi#e %n in'i+%tion o! it 'ie$e+tri+ $o A "ig" po*er !%+tor in'i+%te 'eterior%tion %n'0or +ont%min%tion *it" moi t&re. +%r(on. et+.

TESTS ON TRANSFOR2ER OIL

Inter!%+i%$

ten ion te t A te t o! inter!%+i%$ ten ion o! *%ter %g%in t oi$ In'i+%te t"e %+t&%$ $&'ging +on'ition o! oi$

TREAT2ENT OF TRANSFOR2ER OIL

Appro%+"e

to oi$ tre%tment Pre#enti#e ? 3ontin&o& oi$ re+$%m%tion Advantages o Oi$ %n' p%per 'egr%'%tion pro'&+t %re remo#e' % t"ey %re !orme' o T"e o#er%$$ +on+entr%tion o! moi t&re %n' o5ygen in oi$ i m%int%ine' %t $o* $e#e$ . t"& ret%r'ing t"e %ging pro+e oi$ o A&to +%t%$yti+ o5i'%tion %n' "y'ro$y i re%+tion %re re'&+e'.

TREAT2ENT OF TRANSFOR2ER OIL

o T"e

migr%tion o! %' or(e' pro'&+t !rom p%per to oi$ i promote' (y t"e 'yn%mi+ e/&i$i(ri&m m%int%ine' (et*een t"e t*o p"% e Disadvantages o T"ere i in+re% e in o#er%$$ po*er +on &mption '&e to +ontin&o& r&nning o! t"e p&ri!i+%tion y tem o It i re$%ti#e$y e5pen i#e o It re/&ire more monitoring to (e 'one on t"e y tem

TREAT2ENT OF TRANSFOR2ER OIL

? Perio'i+ oi$ re+$%m%tion O!!1$ine %n' On1$ine tre%tment met"o' O!!1$ine tre%tment met"o' Fi$ter1pre ing t"e oi$ ? Remo#%$ o! o$i' p%rti+$e %n' !ree *%ter Retro!i$$ing ? 3"%nging oi$ +omp$ete$y ;nt%n)ing &nit. ! $& "ing t"e t%n). r%'i%tor . +ore %n' +oi$ y tem *it" o$#ent . t"en re!i$$ing t"e &nit *it" ne* oi$
3orre+ti#e

PARTIAL DISCHAR0ES IN DR3 T3PE TRANSFOR2ERS

2ry

type tr%n !ormer %re & &%$$y emp$oye' &p to %(o&t 36)V T"e m%in %'#%nt%ge %re re'&+e' m%inten%n+e %n' impro#e en#ironment%$ !rien'$ine T"e m%in 'i %'#%nt%ge i en iti#ity to p%rti%$ 'i +"%rge (P2 ) P%rti%$ 'i +"%rge %re $o+%$i e' (re%)'o*n P2 +%& e inter1t&rn "ort1+ir+&it

PARTIAL DISCHAR0ES IN DR3 T3PE TRANSFOR2ERS

4e%

&re %'opte' %g%in t P2 Po iti#e Temper%t&re 3oe!!i+ient !& e %re integr%te' in LV +oi$ !or temper%t&re ri e ign%$$ing ; e o! P2 $o+%tor

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Voltage

dips Definition momentary reduction in rms voltages

Single voltage dip

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Multiple voltage dip

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Multiple voltage dip

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

An actual voltage dip captured by a power quality analyser

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Causes

- Local and remote faults inductive loading switc! on of large loads

"ffects

- #ripping of sensitive equipment resetting of control systems motor stalling$tripping

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Voltage

surge$spi%es Definition momentary voltages

rise

in

rms

&rofile of voltage surge

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Causes

capacitor switc!ing switc! off of

large loads p!ase faults "ffects tripping of sensitive equipment damage to insulation and windings damage to power supplies for electronic equipment

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

'vervoltage Definition

An increase in rms voltage for several

seconds Causes Load switc!ing capacitor switc!ing system voltage regulation "ffects dielectric brea%down degradation of equipment Long interruptions disturbances in control systems and low current communication circuits "lectrodynamic and t!ermal stress(

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

)ndervoltage

A reduction in rms voltage for several seconds or minutes Causes *eavy networ% loading Loss of generation poor power factor lac% of var support "ffects reduced lig!t output dielectric equipment over!eating and eventual tripping

Definition

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Supply

interruptions Loss of power supply

Definition Causes

&ower system faults equipment failures control malfunctions C+ tripping loss of supply to customers

"ffects

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Voltage

fluctuations momentary rise and fall of supply

Definition

voltage
Causes

arc and induction furnaces rolling mills mine winders resistance welders etc( "ffects flic%er in incandescent lamps and flourescent lamps

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

,requency Definition Causes

variations c!anges in supply frequency

fault or malad-usted governors serious over or under loading "ffects irregular output of motor drives tripping of generators and !eating in transformer core

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

#ransients

Definition Sub-cycle disturbance wit! a fast c!ange Causes line faults control and protection lig!tning stri%es switc! of capacitor ban%s

voltage malfunctions

"ffects control system resetting damage to electronic components damage to insulation

sensitive

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

*armonic Definition

A component of a periodic wave !aving a frequency t!at is an integral multiple of t!e fundamental power line frequency

A distorted supply waveform

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Causes

non-linear loads .personal computers electronic ballasts rectifiers . supplies )&S units disc!arge lig!ting/ ad-ustable speed motor drives ferromagnetic devices Dc motor drives electric disc!arge lamps and arcing equipment e(g( arc furnace and arc welders(

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

*armonic

current flow

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

"ffects o 0ncreased losses in customer and utility power system components( o #ransformers may !ave to be derated o Loads wit! !ig!ly distorted current waveforms also !ave a very poor power factor o 'ver!eating and mec!anical oscillations in motor-load systems o 0ncreased current increased !eating dielectric stress and potential failure of capacitor ban%s(

PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

"ffects o ,alse or spurious operations and trips damaging or rupturing of components in fuses and circuit brea%ers o )tility meters may record measurements incorrectly resulting in !ig!er billings to consumers( o Computers and communication equipment may e1perience interferences and failures( o Conductor over!eating(

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

)&S system Composition energy storage device rectifier inverter transfer switc!es etc #ypes on-line and off-line

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

,ilters S!unt connected "liminate !armonics Can be passive or active Large space is required for passive filters &ossible resonance effect

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Static Var Compensators A s!unt-connected assembly of capacitors and inductors Dynamic voltage restorers A voltage stource converter "nergy storage system Connected in series 0n-ects voltages

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

0n-ection transformer

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Ferro1re on%nt tr%n !ormer 2uns !ig!ly saturated Stored magnetic energy maintains voltage during volt dip disturbance condition Voltage surges do not proceed to secondary circuit

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Lig!tning is a disc!arge of stored electricity in t!e clouds Magnetic ob-ects radioactive substances !ig! mountains tall beings pointed c!urc! spires etc are prone to lig!tning A lowered field intensity is required in t!e presence of moisture in order to lig!tning to stri%e #ypes of lig!tning stro%es3 Stepped leader return stro%e and dart leader stro%e

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

4ays in w!ic! lig!tning affects transmission lines Direct stro%e 0ndirect stro%e &ropagation of lig!tning on transmission lines

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#ypical t5$t6 4ays in w!ic! lig!tning affects transmission lines

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

"ffects on lig!tning on power systems +rea%down of insulators ,las!over of insulators "quipment damage Surge impedances

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

2eflection and transmission of surges

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

2emedial measures against lig!tning S!ielding by eart! wires

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Surge modifiers Connected in series #!ey absorb some of t!e surge energy and flatten t!e wavefront "1amples are cables arcing ground suppressers eart!ing coils .peterson coils/ and water--et resistances

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Surge diverters Connected in parallel #!ey divert surges to eart! &rincipal types are !orn-gap arresters sp!ere-gap arresters rod-gap arresters pellet arresters t!yrite arrestor

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

&rinciple of operation of gap arresters

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

&ellet arrestors Arrestor switc! is made up of pellets of brown lead pero1ide w!ic! are coated wit! lit!arge .lead mono1ide/ Lit!arge is punctured under surge conditions allowing t!e lead pero1ide to divert surge to ground #!e !ig! current density c!anges t!e lead pero1ide at t!e punctured area to lit!arge t!us !ealing t!e puncture

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#!yrite arrestors Made of a stac% of dis%s and an air gap Dis% offers low resistance to !ig! voltages and !ig! resistance to low voltages

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

0deal

electrical c!aracteristics of an ideal surge diverter 0t s!ould not absorb any current during normal operation or s!ould possess very !ig! impedance During overvoltage surges it s!ould brea% down easily to provide low resistance pat! to eart! #!e disc!arge current during brea%down s!ould not be e1cessive so as to damage t!e surge diverter

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#!e

normal frequency current after t!e brea%down s!ould be interrupted as soon as t!e transient voltage !as fallen below t!e brea%down value

UN-ALANCE
- )nbalance is a system condition w!ere t!ree-p!ase voltages and currents !ave different magnitudes and t!e angular displacement between p!ases is not 567 degrees 3%& e untransposed lines distributed generation unsymmetrical faults and single p!ase loading
2e!inition

UN-ALANCE
@&%nti!i+%tion

o! &n(%$%n+e )nbalance is quantified using symmetrical components

V u = 5664 V
7 v 5

S u 5664 S
L v sc

UN-ALANCE

I u = 5664 Limit !or ;n(%$%n+e I for LV and MV systems for 57-minutes intervals
7 I

u < 74
v

for *V systems for 57-minute intervals

u < 54
v

EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE
0nduction

mac!inesMac!ine cannot produce full torque due to bra%ing torque from negative sequence component

EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE
mac!ines - cont. +earings may suffer mec!anical damage because of induced torque components at double system frequency "1cessive !eating in stator and rotor caused by fast rotating inverse magnetic field
0nduction

EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE
<yn+"rono&

gener%tor Mainly suffer from e1cessive !eating

Tr%n !ormer &arasitic losses in transformer tan%s Derating due to e1cessive !eating E$e+troni+ po*er +on#erter Additional unc!aracteristic !armonics 2er%ting o! $ine %n' +%($e

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

T"ree1*in'ing

tr%n !ormer

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

Ot"er #o

!&n+tion o! T"ree1*in'ing tr%n !ormer

supply p!ase-compensating devices t!at may be connected for purposes of power factor correction or voltage regulation provide voltage for au1iliary power purposes in a substation or to supply a local distribution system supply split-winding generators

#o

#o

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

0n

a star-star or star-8ig8ag transformer a delta connected tertiary winding reduces t!e 8ero-p!ase sequence impedance and allows adequate eart! fault current to flow for t!e operation of protective gear Delta-connected tertiary windings are put on 9-p!ase ban%s to provide a circuit for t!e t!ird !armonic of t!e e1citing current reduce t!ird-!armonic voltage components

Sometimes

#o

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

<+ott1tr%n !ormer Allow t!e connection of a single and two-p!ase loads to a t!ree-p!ase supply wit!out creating unbalance

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

<teinmet: tr%n !ormer A 9-p!ase transformer wit! an e1tra power balancing load comprising a capacitor and an inductor A single-p!ase load is balanced by t!is capacitor-inductor connection +alancing in load-specific

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

Po*er e$e+troni+ 'e#i+e

+e!ave as if t!ey were rapidly c!anging complementary

impedances compensating for c!anges in impedance of t!e loads on eac! p!ase(

HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Po*er !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor Cascade arrangement of transformers

HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Po*er !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor 2esonant transformer

HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Hig" !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor #esla coil

HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Hig" !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor #esla coil

HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Hig"

'ire+t #o$t%ge gener%tor Re+ti!ier +ir+&it

DIRECT VOLTA0E 0ENERATORS

Vo$t%ge

'o&($er +ir+&it

DIRECT VOLTA0E 0ENERATORS

E$e+tro

t%ti+ gener%tor

c!arge is placed on a carrier eit!er insulating or an isolated conductor and raised to t!e required potential by being mec!anically moved t!roug! t!e electrostatic field(

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

+asic

operating principle

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

)ncontrolled

operation

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

C!arging

and disc!arging uncontrolled operation

waveform

of

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

Controlled

operation

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

C!arging

and disc!arging controlled operation

waveform

of

I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR

4&$ti1

t%ge imp&$ e gener%tor ,or larger impulse voltages from small si8ed transformers Several capacitors connected in parallel for c!arging Capacitors disc!arge in series