ELECTRICAL ARC FLASH

March 2013 Prepared by Sumadi@nnt.co.id

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Apa itu Arc Flash Bagaimana standar Arc Flash Perhitungan energi Arc Flash Kategorisasi Arc Flash Mengurangi Paparan Arc Flash Arc Flash Hazard Program

1. What is an Electric Arc?

Elektron atau listrik mengalir melalui konduktor/kabel

Konduktor gap/kabel rusak maka udara terionisasi terisi aliran elektron menjadi konduktor
Udara tidak lagi menjadi isolator terhubung seperti kabel tanpa energi

Arc Flash adalah lepasnya panas dan energi secara tiba-tiba karena electric arc

How Dangerous is an Arc Flash

Arc Flash adalah sumber panas, cahaya, suara dan tekanan Arc Flash memiliki suhu sampai 20,000 C 4 x lebih panas daripada permukaan matahari Luka bakar tingkat fatal bisa terjadi pada jarak 3 meter

Arc Flash berisi uap metal copper oxide

Akibat panas membakar pakaian dan luka bakar

What Causes an Electric Arc?

Kerusakan peralatan Penggunaan peralatan yang salah Tegangan transient Masuknya debu dan air Kesalahan manusia kontak dengan live circuit Kerusakan isolasi Animals - Vermin infestation Higher power requirements -more and larger MV installations Sambungan yang kendor Poorly maintained equipment

2. Industry Standards and Regulations

NEC 2011 Article 110.16 OSHA 29 CFR 1910 29CFR1910.132 29CFR1910.335 NFPA 70E 2012 Article 130.3 IEEE 1584 2002 National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)

NEC 110.16 - 2011

110.16 Flash Protection. Switchboards, panel boards, industrial control panels, and motor control centers in other than dwelling occupancies, that are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized, shall be field marked to warn qualified persons of potential electric arc flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly visible to qualified persons before examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment
FPN No. 1: NFPA 70E-2000, Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces, provides assistance in determining severity of potential exposure, planning safe work practices, and selecting personal protective equipment. FPN No. 2: ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety Signs and Labels, provides guidelines for the design of safety signs and labels for application to products.

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 (d)

1. The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall:

Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment; (ii) Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee; and, (iii) Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee. (i)

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.335 (a)

(i) Employees working in areas where there are potential electrical hazards shall be provided with, and shall use, electrical protective equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected and for the work to be performed. (v) Employees shall wear protective equipment for the eyes or face wherever there is danger of injury to the eyes or face from electric arcs or flashes or from flying objects resulting from electrical explosions

NFPA 70E 2012

130. A flash hazard analysis shall be done in order to protect personnel from the possibility of being injured by an arc flash. The analysis shall determine the Flash Protection Boundary and the personal protective equipment that people within the Flash Protection Boundary shall use.
(A) Flash Protection Boundary. (B) Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment for Application with a Flash Hazard Analysis.

IEEE 1584 2002

Guide for Arc Flash Hazard Calculations

Incorporates results of extensive testing. Provides tools to calculating incident arc flash energy and protection boundaries. Does not replace NEC or NFPA 70E, works with and alongside of them.

NESC 2007
Effective January 1, 2009, the NESC requires electric utilities to perform an assessment of their systems arc flash potential. Depending on the results, some utilities will have to protect their employees with flame retardant clothing.

3. Calculation of incident energy

IEEE 1584 dan NFPA 70E memberikan keterangan tatacara menghitung energi arc flash dan FPB. Berbagai software program (ETAP, SKM, ArcPro)
1. Kumpulkan data instalasi dan sistim (contoh: one-line, nameplate, dsb) 2. Tentukan normal model operasi dari sistim 3. Hitung arus short circuit 4. Hitung arus arc flash 5. Tentukan karakteristik alat proteksi dan durasi arc (Coordination study) 6. Tentukan jarak aman kerja

7. Hitung insiden energi

8. Hitung batas perlindungan flash (FPB) 9. Tentukan kategori APD (risk hazard)

IEEE 1584
Arcing Current

Normal Incident Energy

Incident Energy

Flash Protection Boundary

NFPA 70E
Given the following curve for a 1200A breaker 36kA will trip breaker in .07 seconds

Add breaker opening time (.06)

Arc duration would be about .13 sec

NFPA 70E
THE INFORMATION IS PROVIDED WITH NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. NO USE SHOULD BE MADE OF THE INFORMATION EXCEPT BY FULLY QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS HAVING FORMED THEIR OWN EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATION FOR THEIR OWN PURPOSES AND APPLICATIONS. INFORMATION BASED ON NFPA 70E. (SS Ver. 13)

Equation for Arc in Open Air

NFPA eq.

DA = distance from arc electrodes, inches (for distances 18 in. and greater) tA = arc duration, seconds (cycles / 60 cycles) F = bolted fault short circuit current, in kA (for the range of 16 to 50kA)
B - 5.1 EMA = 5271 x DA-1.9593 x t A x (0.0016 x F2 - 0.0076 x F + 0.8938)

18 inches 0.13 seconds 36 kA

EMA = maximum open arc incident energy

ANSWER

6.408 cal/cm 2

Equation for Arc in a Cubic Box

NFPA eq.

A 36 kA fault with a 0.13 second clearing time at 18 EI will be: 6.408 Cal/cm2 in open air 10.6607 Cal/cm2 in a cubic box

DB = distance from arc electrodes, inches (for distances 18 in. and greater) tB = arc duration, seconds (cycles / 60 cycles) F = bolted fault short circuit current, in kA (for the range of 16 to 50kA)
B - 5.2 EMB = 1038.7 x DB-1.4738 x tA x (.0093 x F2 - .3453 x F + 5.9675)

18 inches 0.13 seconds 36 kA

EMB = maximum 20 in. cubic box incident energy

ANSWER

10.6607 cal/cm 2

Arc Flash Protection (bolted fault) Boundary

4. NFPA 70E Hazard Categories

Satuan Incident Energy calories/cm2 atau Joules/cm2.
1.2 cal/cm2 adalah jumlah energi minimum yang bisa menimbulkan luka bakar tingkat dua

Flash Protection Boundary adalah jarak dimana incident energy sebesar 1.2 cal/cm2.

Category 0 Up to 1.2 cal/cm2 Category 1 1.2 to 4 cal/cm2 Category 2 4.1 to 8 cal/cm2 Category 3 8.1 to 25 cal/cm2 Category 4 25.1 to 40 cal/cm2

Over 40 cal/cm2 Unacceptable Risk

Unqualified + PPE and Supervision Qualified + Incident Energy Calcs and PPE

Unqualified No Unqualified + PPE +Awareness Qualified for and Escort Job + Calcs + Qualified for Job + Incident Calcs and PPE
PPE + Authorized Plan and No Ingress to Prohibited and Minimal Egress to Restricted.

No Unqualified Contact Work Justification + Specialized Training + Approved Risk Analysis + Approved Work Plan + PPE and Tools

Safe

Flash Limited Restricted Prohibited Protection

Limited Flash Protection Approach Boundary

Restricted Approach

Prohibited Approach

OR De-Energize

Nominal System Voltage Range Phase-toPhase

Limited Approach Boundary

Restricted Approach Boundary Includes Inadvertent Movement Adder

Prohibited Approach Boundary

Exposed Moveable Conductor

Exposed Fixed Circuit Part

0 - 50
51 - 300 301 - 750 751V - 15 kV 15.1 36 kV 36.1 46 kV 46.1 72.5 kV 72.6 121 kV 138 145 kV

Not specified
10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 0 in. 10 ft. 8 in. 11 ft. 0 in.

Not specified
3 ft.6 in. 3 ft.6 in. 5 ft.0 in. 6 ft.0 in. 8 ft.0 in. 8 ft.0 in. 8 ft.0 in. 10 ft.0 in.

Not specified
Avoid contact 1 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 2 in. 2 ft. 7 in. 2 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. 7 in.

Not specified
Avoid contact 0 ft. 1 in. 0 ft. 7 in. 0 ft. 10 in. 1 ft. 5 in. 2 ft. 1 in. 2 ft. 8 in. 3 ft. 1 in.

Note: Table only applies if clearing time and fault current do not exceed 6 cycles and 50 kA, see 130.2(A)

5. Mengurangi Paparan Arc Flash

Menghindari Kecelakaan Kerja Listrik
-

Preventive Maintenance Bekerja pada peralatan yang live

Mengurangi Inciden Energi pada pekerja

-

Mengurangi besarnya Fault Mengurangi durasi arc Remote Racking

PM Program
Menghindari masuknya binatang ke dalam panel Hindari karat pada sambungan dan bagian bertegangan Periksa kelonggaran dan pemanasan pada sambungan Isolasi bagian logam yang terbuka jika memungkinkan Pastikan peralatan proteksi (relay dan breaker) bekerja dengan benar Pastikan fiting fuse dalam kondisi baik Pastikan saat terjadi fault telah ditemukan penyebabnya Kabel-kabel spare pada panel harus diisolasi dan disusun rapi Hindarkan moisture dalam ruang MCC

Bekerja pada peralatan yang live

Selalu hindari pekerjaan pada kondisi bertegangan Jika tidak dapat dihindari, maka pastikan prosedur SWP, JHA dan permit yang sesuai telah disetujui Gunakan tool yang diisolasi Kontrol dan gunakan torsi saat mengencangkan baut, mur dan pengencang lainnya. Saat melepaskan baut yang susah, direkomendasikan harus Offline Jangan gunakan spray material pada bagian bertegangan

Mengurangi besarnya fault

Merubah konfigurasi sistim misal membuka bus tie Memasang current limiting fuse menambah tahanan saat fault

Memasang current limiting reactor menambah impedansi sistim

Mengurangi waktu durasi arc

1. Menggunakan peralatan relay dan breaker yang memiliki kecepatan operasi 2. Memasang proteksi Bus differential untuk menggabungkan selectivity dan operasi instantaneous 3. Menset sementara temporary instantaneous saat bekerja 4. Mengganti fungsi time-overcurrent relay dengan instantaneous trip waktu tunda 5. Optical sensor untuk proteksi arc flash 6. Gunakan ukuran fuse yang tepat 7. Coordination study peralatan proteksi dengan benar

Remote Racking

6. Arc Flash Hazard Program

Electrical safety program Training
Awareness Standards and Codes Understanding of Arc Flash Quantities PPE Reading and Following Warning Signs and Labels Methods to Reduce Risk While Working on Live Exposed Parts Arc Flash Hazard Assessment Documentation

Safety audits Safety meetings Documentation PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

NFPA 70E provides two choices for PPE selection:

Do an arc flash hazard analysis, and document the incident energy exposure. As an alternate, use the Hazard Risk Category Classifications table to choose the PPE level required for the task.

PPE Selection tables

Find the type task you of equipment will be performing you will be working on
Task (Assumes equipment is energized, and work is done within the flash protection boundary) Hazard/Risk Category V-Rated Gloves V-Rated Tools

Panel boards rated 240V and below - Notes 1 and 3 CB or fused switch operation with covers on CB or fused switch operation with covers off Work on energized parts, including voltage testing Remove/Install CB's or fused switches Removal of bolted covers (To expose bare, energized parts) Opening of hinged covers (To expose bare, energized parts)

0 0 1 1 1 0

N N Y Y N N

N N Y Y N N

Determine if insulated tools if are gloves needed are needed Find the level ofDetermine flash protection needed

PPE Selection
Find your risk category

Protective Clothing & Equipment

Protective System for Hazard / Risk Category

Hazard / Risk Category Number

(-1) Note 3

Untreated Natural Fiber

T-shirt (short sleeve) Shirt (long sleeve) Pants (long)

X X X X (Note 6) X (Note 6) X X

Determine the PPE needed

Incident Energy (cal/cm2) 0-2

Clothing Class

Description

ATPV

0 Untreated Cotton

n/a

2-5

1 FR shirt and pants

5-7

5-8

2A

Cotton Underwear + CL.1

8-18

5-16

2B FR Underwear + CL.1

16-22

8-25

3 FR Coveralls + CL.2A

25-50

25-40

Double Layer Switching Coat + CL.2A

40-60

ATPV - Arc thermal performance exposure value (cal/cm2)

Typical Protective Clothing

Category 0
Untreated Cotton (Long Sleeve) Untreated Cotton Pants (Long) Voltage Rated Gloves Safety Glasses Hard Hat PPE cal/cm2 -- N/A

Typical Protective Clothing

Category 1
Long sleeve FR Shirt Long sleeve FR Pants (Jeans are acceptable) Voltage Rated Gloves Safety Glasses Hard Hat PPE cal/cm2 -- 4.0

Typical Protective Clothing

Category 2
Cotton T-shirt plus FR shirt & FR Pants Leather Gloves and Shoes Hard Hat Safety Glasses Hearing protection Arc rated face shield or double layered switching hood PPE cal/cm2 -- 8.0 * = Must use a double layered switching hood and hearing protection in addition to level 2 requirements

Or

Typical Protective Clothing

Category 3
Cotton T-shirt and pants Leather Gloves and Shoes Hard Hat, Liner, Safety Glasses Double layered switching hood and hearing protection Multiple layers of FR clothing or switching suit to equal cal/cm2 requirements PPE cal/cm2 -- 25.0

Arc Flash PPE Categories

Category 4
Untreated Cotton T-Shirt Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long Sleeve) FR Shirt (Long Sleeve) Untreated Cotton Pants (Long) FR Pants (Long) FR Coveralls Voltage Rated Gloves Safety Glasses FR Hard Hat Liner Hard Hat Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood Hearing Protection PPE cal/cm2 -- 40.0

Safety Gloves
Pekera harus menggunakan sarung tangan isolasi karet jika bekerja pada bagian yang memungkinkan bersentuhan dengan tegangan
Gunakan sarung tangan karet yang sesuai rating tegangannya

Safety Gloves
Label pada perlengkapan isolasi biasanya tertulis informasi sbb: Manufacturer ANSI/ASTM Reference Size (Gloves) Type Class

Glove selection
Ukuran sarung tangan harus pas dan bisa untuk bekerja Types:

Type 1 Non-Ozone resistant (Natural rubber) Type 2 Ozone resistant (Synthetic)

Glove selection
Make sure you have the right glove for the right job!
MAX USE VOLTAGE A-C RETEST VOLTAGE

CLASS
CLASS 00 CLASS 0 CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS 4

500 1,000 7,500 17,000 26,500 36,000

2,500 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

Glove Testing
Lab test sarung tangan 6 bulan sekali Tes meliputi: Dielectric test at voltage on previous chart Air test Cleaning Visual inspection

(Courtesy Reed City Power Line)

Glove inspection
Air test
Sarung tangan harus diinspeksi sebelum digunakan Inspeksi yang sederhana:

Visual inspeksi meliputi:

Retak Bocor Ozone damage Sobek

Lengket material

Protective Eyewear
ANSI Z87.1
Impact protection UV Attenuation

Will not withstand heat generated from arc flash

Must be tested for thermal Protection per ASTM 1959!

Hard Hats
Hard hats used for electrical shock protection must be rated for the voltages present

Class

Voltage Rating 2,200V 20,000V 0V

Class (Prior to 1999) A B C

G E C

Do not:

Drill holes for ventilation Paint Use excessive number of stickers (Check state OSHA regulation)

Foot Protection
Electrical workers shall wear rubber soled shoes but they may not be used as primary electrical protection Leather work shoes are recommended for all tasks and shall be used for incident energy exposure levels 4 cal/cm2 and higher Where insulated footwear is used as protection against step and touch potential, dielectric overshoes shall be required These overshoes follow under the same testing requirements as gloves

Signage/Label
(E) Alerting Techniques. (1) Safety Signs and Tags. Safety signs, safety symbols, or accident prevention tags shall be used where necessary to warn employees about electrical hazards that might endanger them. Such signs and tags shall meet the requirements of ANSI Standard Z535 given in Table 130.7(F).