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WELDING
Definition: Material joining process. Two parts connected at their contacting surfaces by suitable heat and pressure. Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, some others by heat and pressure, and some with pressure only. In some welding operations a filler material is used. Welding operation usually applied to metals but also used for plastics.
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Joining Processes
Parts produced by any of the manufacturing processes can be made into larger, more complex bodies via Joining processes
Creating a metallurgical bond by adhesion and diffusion Joining by fusion with the use of various heat sources Brazing or soldering with a lower-melting metal Mechanical fastening
Light LASER
Definition: This is a group of fusion welding processes that use heat and pressure to make the coalescence. The heat comes from electrical resistance to current flow at the site of the weld.
The processes include:
Resistance Welding
Resistance Welding
Spot Welding A process typically used in highvolume, rapid welding applications. The pieces to be joined are clamped between two electrodes under force, and an electrical current is sent through them.
Welding/Cutting Hazards
Potential Hazards
Fires may start by hot materials igniting nearby combustibles. Burns to the operator may occur if unprotected skin comes into contact with the extremely hot work. Magnetic fields could easily destroy/disrupt electronic components, stored data if not careful.
Welding/Cutting Hazards
Potential Hazards Cont.:
Metal fumes from vaporizing of the work with the extremely hot arcs may be inhaled into the workers lungs. Certain metals and metal oxide fumes, including zinc, cadmium and beryllium, produce serious illnesses when inhaled. Fluxes used with welding to create inert atmospheres at the point of the weld also present inhalation hazards. All welding and cutting must have adequate ventilation to protect the person doing the welding and those working around the welding area.
A fusion joint is far from homogenous. Degree of inhomogeity increases from pure metals to multiphase alloys.
Cold worked base material will show recrystallization in HAZ, with coarse grain sizes.
In either case, a coarse-grained structure of lower strength exits at the melt boundary.
Melt
Welding Defects
1. Fusion welding defects due wrong heat input, insufficient rate of weld metal deposition, and cooling. 2. Lack of bonding or gas porosity due to surface contaminants, including oxides, oils, etc. 3. Undesirable reactions with surface contaminants 4. Solidification cracks in the weld. 5. Solidification shrinkage coupled with solid shrinkage imposes internal tensile stresses on the structure, may lead to distortion. 6. Gases released or formed during welding (eg CO) can lead to porosity which weakens the joint and acts as a stress raiser.
Weld joint There are 5 basic joint types in welding Butt joint: Two materials are in the same plane, joined from the edges. Corner joint:The corners of two materials form a right angle and joined. Lap joint: Two parts overlaps. Tee joint: One part is perpendicular to the other, making a T shape. Edge joint: Edges of the two materials joined.
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Weld Joints
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Types of weld
1. Fillet weld: Used in T joints,corner joints, lap joints. 2. Groove weld:Used in butt joints. 3. Plug weld: Used in lap joints. 4. Slot weld: Used in lap joints. 5. Spot weld: Used in lap joints. 6. Seam weld: Used in lap joints. 7. Flange weld:Used in edge joints. 8. Surfacing weld:Not a joining process, it is used to increase the thickness of the plate, or provide a protective coating on the surface.
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Fillet Weld
Groove weld
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Metal Treatment
1. Preheating the weld zone reduces energy input, cooling rates in the weld and HAZ, reduces differential shrinkage, residual stresses, and distortion. 2. Postwelding heat treatment of the entire welded structure a. Stress-relief anneal reduces residual stresses to acceptable level. b. Normalizing a steel wipes out most undesirable effects of welding.
Three basic types of oxyacetylene flames used in oxyfuel-gas welding and cutting operations: (a) neutral flame; (b) oxidizing flame; (c) carburizing, or reducing, flame. The gas mixture in (a) is basically equal volumes of oxygen and acetylene. (d) The principle of the oxyfuel-gas welding operation.
Oxyacetylene Torch
The acetylene valve is opened first; the gas is lit with a spark lighter or a pilot light; then the oxygen valve is opened and the flame adjusted.
Basic equipment used in oxyfuel-gas welding. To ensure correct connections, all threads on acetylene fittings are left-handed, whereas those for oxygen are righthanded. Oxygen regulators are usually painted green, and acetylene regulators red.
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Blow out cylinder valve Turn on cylinder valve first and then adjust the regulator pressure screw. Never stand in front or behind a regulator when opening the cylinder valve Open cylinder valve slowly
Storage of cylinders
Storage area must be well ventilated Cylinders must be at least 20 feet from combustibles Valves must be closed Valve protection must be in place Inside storage must be limited to 2,000 cubic feet. Cylinders must be stored in upright position Oxygen must be at least 20 feet from fuel gas or 5 feet with a 1/2 hour fire barrier Separate oxygen from fuel gas
Arc Welding
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Installation
Arc welding requires proper installation of equipment. A critical part of installation is ensuring that proper grounding is completed.
Heat input H EI
v
H- heat input, E, Voltage, I, Current, and v the velocity of the arc travels along the weld line
Electric Arc Welding - Classification The Electrode Consumable: melts and serves as a filling material Non-consumable: does not melt, parent metal is used, or a separate filler rod Coated or Uncoated Coating Provides a gaseous shield to prevent oxidation Lowers the voltage needed to establish the arc May provide slag-blanket to protect the joint Add alloying elements to enhance the properties of the joint.
Schematic illustration of the shielded metal-arc welding process. About 50% of all large-scale industrial welding operations use this process.
Consumable-Electrode Welding:
Gas Metal-Arc Welding (GMAW) - MIG
Consumable gas metal-arc welding (MIG) Consumable electrode is metal which melts to become part of the weld seam. Weld zone is protected by a gas or a flux No slag is formed Several layers could be build with little or no intermediate cleaning It is suitable for most metals Wire electrode can be supplied in long, coiled lengths which allow uninterrupted welds in any welding position.
(a) Schematic illustration of the gas metal-arc welding process, formerly known as MIG (for metal inert gas) welding. (b) Basic equipment used in gas metal-arc welding operations.
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Thermit Welding
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Explosion Welding
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Resistance welding
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Forge welding
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Soldering
Top View
Side View
Circuit Board
Resistor
Soldering Iron
Move soldering iron until tip is touching wire & solder pad
Solder
Solder
Solder
Solder
Move soldering iron tip up. This will drag solder up with it.
Solder
Brazing
Definition:
A process which a filler metal is placed at or between the faying surfaces, the temperature is raised high enough to melt the filler metal but not the base metal.
The molten metal fills the spaces by capillary attraction.
Torch Brazing
Oxy-fuel torch with a carburizing flame First heat the joint then add the filler metal
UW-Eau Claire
Hot work permit should be used outside designated areas to ensure that all fire hazards are controlled Use of fire watch
1/2 hour after operation ceases
Follow proper procedures to prevent fires Use appropriate engineering controls Wear appropriate PPE
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