A Presentation

By Prof. K. Muraleedharan Nair

 Introduction Definition

INDEX

Development of tall building Basic charactersitics of tall buildings Basic design considerations of skyscrapers Loading and vibration Shear walls Steel frame

Tube frame
Graphical representations The elevator conundrum

conclusion

 Saudia Arabia has the largest reserves of

petroleum in the world (25% of proved

reserves)
90% of export earning and 45% of GDP is

from petroleum. So this country is and

going to be the most prosperous country in the world. Saudi has above 80% literacy level

 Large no of Keralites are working in

Saudi Arabia.

Most of them belong to the Northern

Districts of Kerala

Keralities

are

engaged

in

service

sector and fairly good running own

 But in Saudi Arabia at present, facility is available for education upto Plus Two Level. So they have to send their children to Kerala. for Graduation and Post

Graduation. In the case of girls, wife also to be sent

The term tall building is not defined in specific terms

related to height or the number of storeys. A building is considered tall when the structural analysis and design are in some way affected by the lateral loads particularly sway caused by such loads. It has been always a human aspiration to create taller and taller structures. Ancient structures such as the Tower of Babel, Colossus of Rhodes, The Pyramids of Egypt, Mayan Temples of Mexico,

The

Qutub

Minar build

of as

India symbols

and of

many power.

more They

were are

apparently

determining factors for buildings to become higher are mainly the economic and social factors, although human ego and competition are still playing a role. The history of the development of tall buildings can be broadly classified into three periods. The first period saw

the erection of buildings such as the Reliance Building

(Chicago, 1894 Figure 1) and The Guaranty Building (Buffalo 1896 Figure 2) and the Carson Pirie Scott

Department Store (Chicago 1904 Figure 3)

Most of the tall buildings were masonry wall bearing structures with thick and messy walls. The vertical and lateral loads of these structures were mainly resisted by the load bearing masonry walls. The Manadnock Building (Chicago 1891 Figure 4) for example was built with 2.13 m thick masonry walls at the ground level. The area occupied by the walls of this building at the ground level is 15% of the

gross floor area. In addition to reduced floor area, lightings

and ventilations are major problems associated with thick wall construction

FIRST PERIOD

SECOND PERIOD

THIRD PERIOD

Reliance building(Chicago 1894) Gurantee Building (Buffalo 1895)

Woolworth Building (New york 1930)

Chrysler Building (New York 1930)

Trade centre (New York 1972-2001) Sears Tower (Chicago 1974)

FIRST PERIOD
Most of these building were masonry wall bearing structures with thick and messy walls. Vertical and lateral loads were resisted by the load bearing masonry walls. Reduced floor area Lightings and ventilation problems

FIRST PERIOD

RELIANCE BUILDING (1894)

GUARANTY BUILDING (1895)

FIRST PERIOD

MANADNOCK BUILDING (1891)

SCOTT DEPARTMENT STORE (1904)

SECOND PERIOD
Removal of steel structures and sophisticated servoces . Eg: lifts

Demand for Tall building is high

Woolworth Building (New York 1930) Chrysler Building (New York 1930)

SECOND PERIOD

WOOLWORTH BUILDING (1930)

EMPIRESTATE BUILDING (1931)

SECOND PERIOD

CHRYSLER BUILDING (1930)

THIRD PERIOD
Modernism in construction history - reinforced concrete Focus is on # reasons # functional # Technological faces Transition of structural system from rigid frame to more efficient structural system. Using of concepts like channeling gravity , wind loads using two or more structural systems.

THIRD PERIOD

BURJ KHALIFA (2009)

PETRONAS BUILDING (1996)

Tall buildings

World Trade Center New York 1973-2001

First buildings to be tested in a turbulent boundary-layer flow wind tunnel (mid 1960s)

Structural Considerations in Tall Building Design

1. Have a big picture of the structural behavior . 2. It requires an experienced personnel as a good judge at

the early stage.

3. To able to identify the critical structural issues . 4. Have a good understanding of suitable lateral load resisting structural systems 5. To engage specialist consultants .

It involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall building. The building must support their weight, resist wind, protect from fire.

 A small chance of catastrophic failure will result in huge loss. The only way to reduce risks is to test all possibilities both in laboratory and in real world. Possible failures can be studied from past history.

Load of structure

Weight of things in structure

The amount of structural material required with in

the lower levels of a skyscraper will be much larger than the material required with in the higher levels

INDEX OF WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE

HIGHER LEVEL

LOWER

MIDDLE LEVEL

MIDIAM

LOWER LEVEL

HIGH

SHEAR WALLS
Shear wall is a wall where the entire material f the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads. Eg: brick , cinderblock wall Suitable for small constructions, such as Surban housing or an urban brownstone. It tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems

STEEL FRAME
Classical concept of a skyscraper is a large steel box with many small boxes inside it. To avoid inefficiencies of a shear wall, a skyscraper could be built with both horizontal and vertical supports throughout.
Disadvantages supported. more material must be

This become inefficient and uneconomic for building above 40 stories.

TUBE FRAME
A three dimensional space structure composed of three, four , or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation.
- FAZLUR KHAN AND J. RANKINE

EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

THE ELEVATOR CONUNDRUM

The tall building developments have been rapidly increasing worldwide. The design and construction of Skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall buildings. The building must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes and protect occupants from fire. They must also be conveniently accessible even on the upper floors and provide utilities and a comfortable climate for the occupants. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering and construction management.